UC-NRLF 


^B    Mb    ATI 


DOCUMENTS 
OEPT. 


T  I 


,  UNITED  STATES  DEPARTMENT  OF  LABOR 


DESCRIPTIONS  OF  OCCUPATIONS 


COAL  AND  WATER  GAS 

PAINT  AND  VARNISH 

PAPER 

PRINTING  TRADES 

RULBER  GOODS 


PREPARED  FOR  THE 

UNITED  STATES  EMPLOYMENT  SERVICE 
BY  THE 

UNITED  STATES  BUREAU  OF  LABOR  STATISTICS 


WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFFICE 

1919 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 

in  2007  with  funding  from 
--  .    Microsoft  Corporation 


[p^//www:afrcni¥e:wgy^e^iTe/€ieseoecucoafuuuriFFici 


DESCRIPTIONS  OF  OCCUPATIONS 


COAL  AND  WATER  GAS 

PAINT  AND  VARNISH 

PAPER 

PRINTING  TRADES 

RUBBER  GOODS 


PREPARED  FOR  THE 

UNITED  STATES  EMPLOYMENT  SERVICE 
BY  THE 

UNITED  STATES  BUREAU  OF  LABOR  STATISTICS 


WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFFICE 

1919 


OOCUMENTS 


INDEX 


A 

Page 

Acid  maker 1 24 

Acid  maker's  helper 24 

Ammonia  still  operator 15 

Arctic  maker.     {See  Rubber  worker,  male.) 

Artist,  lithographic 31 

B 

Back  tender _ ^_._         24 

Bank  man,  liQotype  and  monotype 31 

Barker 24 

Battery  matt,  electro  typing 31 

Bead  presser 44 

Bead  splicer 44 

Bead-wrapping  machine  operator 44 

Beater  man 24 

Beater  man's  helper i 25 

Bench  hand.     {See  Rubber  worker,  male). 

Bias-cutting  machine  operator 44 

Binder.     {See  Rubber  worker,  female.) 
Bleach  boiler's  helper.     {See  Rag  boiler.) 

Blocker,  electro  typing 31 

Blocker,  photo-engraving.     (/Seg  Router  and  blocker). 
Block  handler.     (See  Grinder  man.) 
Blow  pit  man.     {See  Sulphite  cooker.) 

Boiler,  linseed  oil 18 

Boot  and  lumberman  maker 44 

Broke  boy.     {See  Laborer,  male,  paper.) 
Buffer.     {See  Rubber  worker,  male.) 
Builder,  electrotyping.     {See  Molder.) 
Buttonhole  maker.     {See  Rubber  worker,  male.) 
Button  sewer.     {See  Rubber  worker,  female.) 

C 

Calenderer, _ 25 

Calenderer's  helper.     {See  Laborer,  male,  paper.) 
Calender  girl.     {See  Laborer,  female,  paper.) 

Calender  hand,  rubber  goods 44 

Candlepower  man 15 

Caser  out.     {See  Rubber  worker,  male.) 

Caster,  electrotyping 31 

Caster  man,  monotype 32 

Charging  and  discharging  machine  operator 15 

Checker.     {See  Rubber  worker,  female.) 

Chemist,  gas  plant _ 15 

Chemist,  paint  and  varnish 18 

3 


594344 


4  INDEX 

Page 

Chemist,  paper 25 

Chilean-mill  operator 18 

Chipper  foreman 25 

Chipper  man.     {See  Laborer,  male,  paper.) 

Clinker  man __ 15 

Closer,  front.     {See  Rubber  worker,  female.) 
Closer-on.     {See  Rubber  worker,  female.) 

Cloth  wrapper,  tube _ 44 

Coat  maker,  rubber _ _  _ 45 

Collator 32 

Color  expert.  _ 18 

Color  tester,  dry  colors. __ __         18 

Compositor,  job  or  hand. _ 32 

Conveyor  operator 45 

Cook.     {See  Sulphite  cooker.) 
Cook,  head.     {See  Sulphite  cooker.) 
Cook's  helper.     {See  Laborer,  male,  paper.) 

Copy  editor.- 32 

Copyholder. 32 

Corder  and  stayer.     {See  Rubber  worker,  male.) 

Cord  pocket  builder _ __ 45 

Coucher 26 

Counter __ _ 26 

Coverer.     {See  Rubber  worker,  male.) 
Cracker  man.     {See  Rubber  worker,  male.) 

Cutter,  finishing  room,  paper _ 26 

Cutter,  flat  machine 32 

Cutter  girl.     {See  Laborer,  female,  paper.) 

Cutter,  rag  room. 26 

Cutter,  rubber  goods _         45 

Cutter's  helper.     {See  Laborer,  male,  paper.) 

D 

Designer,  lithographic _         33 

Digester  man.     {See  Sulphite  cooker.) 

Digester  repair  man 26 

Distiller,  ammonia.     {See  Ammonia  still  operator.) 

Drip  man 15 

Duck  drier  operator 45 

Duster  man,  rag  room 26 

E 

Engraver,  lithographic 33 

Etcher,  copper 33 

Etcher,  photo-engraving 33 

Etcher,  zinc 33 

Eyeleter.     {See  Rubber  worker,  female.) 

F 

Facer.     {See  Rubber  worker,  female;  Rubber  worker,  male.) 
Feeder,  calender.     {See  Rubber  worker,  male.) 
Feeder,  cutting  and  creasing  machine.     {See  Rubber  worker, 
male.) 


INDEX  5 

Page 

Filer,  paint  color  samples 18 

FiUer,  cans  and  barrels 19 

Filterer,  varnish,  centrifuge , 19 

Filterer,  varnish,  filter  press 19 

Finisher,  book 34 

Finisher,  electrotyping ■ 34 

Finisher,  engraving 34 

Finisher,  paper.     (See  Sealer.) 
Flap  curer.     (See  Flap  presser.) 

Flap  presser 45 

Folder,  hand,  book 34 

Folder,  paper.     (See  Counter.) 

Folder.     (See  also  Rubber  worker,  female.) 

Folding-machine  feeder 34 

Folding-machine  operator _  35 

Foreman,  assistant,  paint  and  varnish 19 

Foreman,  assistant,  rubber  goods '..  45 

Foreman,  bookbinder 35 

Foreman,  coal  gas 16 

Foreman,  electrotyping.  _ 35 

Foreman,  engraving 35 

Foreman,  machine  composition 35 

Foreman,  paint  and  varnish 19 

Foreman,  press  room __.  36 

Foreman,  red  lead 19 

Foreman,  rubber  goods 46 

Foreman,  water  gas 16 

Formulator,  paint  colors 20 

Forwarder,  book 36 

Furnace  man,  lead  oxide 20 

Furnace  tender,  red  lead _ _ 20 

G 

Gaiter  maker.     (See  Rubber  worker,  male.) 

Gatherer,  book __  36 

General  worker,  bindery 36 

General  worker,  female,  rubber  goods 46 

General  worker,  male,  rubber  goods 46 

Glazer,  paper.     (See  Plater  man.) 

Grinder  man,  paper 27 

Grinder,  paint 20 

Grinder,  white  lead i  _  _ 20 

H 

Heater  operator.     (See  Rubber  worker,  male.) 

Heater  tender 46 

Heel  cutter,  machine.     (See  Rubber  worker,  male.) 
Hooker.     (See  Rubber  worker,  female.) 

Hose  maker,  large 46 

Hose  maker,  small 47 

Hydraulic  main  man _ _ 16 


6  INDEX 

I 

Imposer.     {See  Stone  man.)  Page 

Inspector,  rag  room - 27 

Inspector,  rubber  goods -'  47 

L 

Laborer,  coal  and  water  gas - .  16 

Laborer,  female,  paper 27 

Laborer,  male,  paper 27 

Laborer,  paint  and  varnish 21 

I^aborer,  rubber  goods 47 

Lap  seamer.     {See  Rubber  worker,  female.) 

Laster.     {See  Rubber  worker,  female;  Rubber  worker,  male.) 

Layer  man,  paper 27 

Lead  blower 21 

Lead  setter  or  stack  builder -  21 

Legger.     {See  Rubber  worker,  male.) 
Lime  slaker.     {See  Laborer,  male,  paper.) 

Linotype  operator _ 36 

Litharge-mill  operator 21 

Loftman --- 28 

M 

Machine  tender,  paper_  _ _ 28 

Machinist,  linotype  and  monotype -  -  37 

Maker-up 37 

Marbler -  -  37 

Melter,  pig  lead 21 

Melter,  varnish 22 

MiUer,  paint.     {See  Grinder,  paint;  Grinder,  white  lead.) 
Mill  man,  rubber.     {See  Rubber  worker,  male.) 

Mixer,  paint 22 

Mixer,  rubber 47 

Molder,  electrotyping 37 

Molder,  rubber  goods 47 

Monotype  operator 37 

Muffle  man 22 

O 

Oiler,  power  house 16 

Operator,  engraving.     {See  Photographer,  engraving.) 
Outsoler.     {See  R  ubber  worker,  female ;  R  ubber  worker,  male. ) 

P 

Paint  maker  (shader  and  tinter) 22 

Patcher.     {See  Rubber  worker,  male.) 

Pattern  maker,  rubber  goods -  -         47 

Photographer,  engraving 38 

PhotoUthographer --         38 

Pit  man.     {See  Press  operator.) 

Placer.     {See  Rubber  worker,  male.) 

Plate  grainer 38 


INDEX 


Plate  printer.  _ 38 

Plater  girl,  paper 28 

Plater  man,  paper - 28 

Pneumatic  tire  finisher.     {See  Tire  finisher.) 

Presser,  lithopone  pigment 22 

Press  feeder,  cylinder 38 

Press  feeder,  either  platen  or  cylinder 38 

Press  feeder,  lithographic --  39 

Press  feeder,  platen 39 

Pressman,  cylinder 39 

Pressman,  filial,  lithopone 22 

Pressman,  flat  stock.     {See  Rubber  worker,  male.) 

Pressman,  lithographic. 39 

Pressman,  paper.     (/See  Wet  machine  tender.) 

Pressman,  platen 39 

Pressman,  rotary  lithographic 40 

Pressman,  web I .  _ 40 

Pressman,  web,  assistant 40 

Press  operator,  rubber  tires 48 

Press  tender,  paper.     {See  Wet  machine  tender.)  - 

Printer,  general 40 

Proof er,  lithographic 40 

Proof er,  photo-engraving 40 

Proof  reader 41 

Pulp-machine  operator 23 

Pump  man,  gas  works 16 

Putty  maker.. -.-  23 

R 

Rag  boiler 28 

Rag  sorter 28 

Reel  boy 28 

Reetcher 41 

Refiner,  linseed  oil 23 

Repair  man,  Unotype  and  monotype.    {See  Machinist,  linotype 
and  monotype.) 

Repair  man,  tire  blemish 48 

ReroUing  and  trimming  machine  operator 48 

Retort  house  results  man 16 

Reviser.     {See  Proof  reader.) 

Rewinder 29 

Roller.     (/See  Rubber  worker,  male.) 
RoU  skinner.     {See  Wet  machine  tender.) 

Router  and  blocker,  photo-engraving _.  41 

Rubber-belt  maker 48 

Rubber  worker,  female 48 

Rubber  worker,  male 49 

Ruler,  paper  making 29 

Ruler,  printing 41 

S 

Scrap  sorter.     {See  Rubber  worker,  male.) 

Screen  boy.     {See  Laborer,  male,  paper.) 

Screen  man,  head 29 


8  INDEX 

Page 

Scrubber,  gas 17 

Scurf er -  - 17 

Sealer,  paper.  _ 29 

Sewer,  book 42 

Shoemaker,  rubber  goods 50 

Size  maker 29 

Size  man 29 

Skiver.     (See  Kubber  worker,  male.) 

Sole  maker 50 

Sorter  girl 29 

Spreader 50 

Stain  maker 23 

Steel  engraver,  rubber  goods.  _ _ 51 

Stereotyper * 42 

Stitcher.     {See  Rubber  worker,  female.) 

Stitcher,  wire _ 42 

Stock  coimter.     (See  Rubber  worker,  male.) 
Stock  digger.     (See  Laborer,  male,  paper.) 
Stockman.     (See  Rubber  worker,  male.) 
Stock  room  girl.     (See  Rubber  worker,  female.) 

Stone  dresser,  paint  mill 23 

Stoneman 42 

Straight  jacketer,  tube 51 

Strip  cutter.     (See  Rubber  worker,  female.) 

Stripper  and  printer,  photo-engraving 43 

Stripper,  tire _  51 

Sulphite  cooker 30 

Sulphur  burner.     (See  Acid  maker.) 

Supervisor,  rubber  goods 51 

T 

Tank  man.     (See  Acid  maker.) 

Tar  dehydrator  man,  coal  gas 17 

Temperer  or  milbnan,  linseed  oil 23 

Test  man,  laboratory 17 

Thrasher  man 30 

Ticket  man.     (See  Rubber  worker,  male.) 

Tire  builder,  automatic  machine 51 

Tire  builder,  cord 51 

Tire  builder,  square-woven  tire 51 

Tire  finisher 52 

Tire  stripper.     (See  Stripper,  tire.) 

Top  maker.     (See  Rubber  worker,  female;  Rubber  worker, 

male.) 
Topper.     (See  Rubber  worker,  male.) 
Towerman.     (See  Acid  maker.) 

Transferrer 43 

Trimmer,  book 43 

Trimmer,  paper 30 

Tube  dumper 52 

Tube-machine  operator,  bead  making 52 

Tube  roller 52 

Tubing-machine  operator,  hose 52 

Tumer-in.     (See  Rubber  worker,  male.) 


INDEX  9 

U  Page 

Unwrapper,  tubes 52 

Upperer.     (See  Kubber  worker,  female.) 
Utility  maa.     (See  Rubber  worker,  male.) 

V 

Vamper.     (See    Rubber    worker,     female;  Rubber    worker, 

male.) 
Vamp  maker.     (See  Rubber  worker,  female.) 
Vat  man,  handmade  paper 30 

W 

Washer 30 

Washer's  helper.     (See  Laborer,  male,  paper.) 

Wash  tub  man _ _.  23 

Water  gas  helper 17 

Water  gas  operator 17 

Weigher.     (See  Rubber  worker,  male.) 

Wet  machine  tender 30 

Z 

Zigzag  stitcher.     (See  Rubber  worker,  female.) 
107361°— 19 2 


/ 


CODE  WORDS 


Code  word. 


Amber - 
Among. 
Ample - 
Amuse - 
AIlgle_- 
Bead .  _ 
Beak  _ . 
Beat--  - 
Beef--- 

Bit 

Blame - 
BHght. 
Bliss-- - 
Block- . 
Blond- - 
Blot-.. 
Bold... 
Boom-- 
Braze_- 
Broke.  - 
Bulky-. 
Buss  — 
Byway - 
Cando^_ 
Cane.  _  - 
Canopy 
Canter. 
Canvas- 
Capper- 
Career. 
Carman 
Carnal - 
Carper - 
Carpet - 
Carrot- 
Carrow- 
Carter - 
Carton . 
Carver - 
Casing- 
Cassia.  - 
Castle.  - 
Castor- 
Casual. 
Caucus  - 
Cavern . 
10 


Page. 


49 
15 
24 
24 
31 
44 
44 
44 
44 
31 
31 
24 
44 
24 
24 
25 
31 
18 
48 
48 
49 
49 
49 
44 
31 
48 
44 
45 
45 
18 
18 
18 
18 
45 
45 
32 
25 
25 
25 
26 
26 
26 
26 
32 
15 
15 


Code  word. 


Cavity  _ 
Celery. 
CeUar.. 
Cement 
Censor . 
Census . 
Center. 
Charge . 
Chatty - 
Clleese- 
Cherry  _ 
Choice . 

Dm... 

Dine-- . 
Dip.-. 
Dirk... 
Drip .  - . 
Elapse. 
Exile- . 
Exit... 
Expel- - 
Extra. . 
Fad--- 
Force. . 
Ford. .  - 
Forge- - 
Fork.. 
Fort... 
Found . 
Fount.  - 
Fowl-- 
Fox--. 
Fran... 
Frame . 
Frank. . 
Fray. . . 
Free... 
Fresh . . 
FriU.  -  - 
Frisk- - 
Frock-  - 
Frog--. 
Front-. 
Frost.. 
Froth- - 
Frown - 


Page. 


15 
32 
32 
32 
15 
32 
49 
49 
49 
48 
48 
49 
45 
26 
26 
33 
15 
48 
33 
33 
33 
33 
35 
45 
46 
18 
19 
19 
19 
19 
19 
19 
20 
34 
34 
20 
20 
49 
49 
34 
34 
45 
48 
49 
35 
49 


Code  word. 


Froze - 
Fruit-. 
Fry... 
FueL- 
FuU-- 
Fume. 
Fund-. 
Fur--- 
Glove  - 
Glow  - . 
Glue-- 
Glum- 
Gnarl  - 
Gnash  _ 
Gnat-  - 
Goad  - . 
Havoc . 
Hawk- 
Hay.. 
Haze.- 
Hazel  - 
Heart - 
Hide.- 
Ignite- 
Ignore . 
Liber. . 
Lick- . 
Lid--- 
Liege . . 
Liken . 
Liner. . 
Lion  -  - 
Lip .  -  - 
Lisp . . 
List--- 
Lithe  - . 
Livid  - . 
Loam. 
Lobby . 
Local - 
Mold.- 
Mood  - . 
Moody 
Moon  - . 
Moose- 
Mop  .  - 


CODE   WORDS 


11 


Code  word. 


Mope  -  - 
Moral  -  - 
Morn.-- 

Moss 

Moth... 
Motor.  _ 
Mouth - 
OUve-- 
Onion. . 
Other. - 
Packer . 
Paddle - 
Page-  -  - 
Paid.-- 
Palace. 
Pahng-- 
Pallor_  - 
Palm.. 
Paltry-. 
Pamper 
Poker. . 
Pone-  -  - 
Prop  -  -  - 
Prose.  - 
Prosy  -  - 
Proud  - 
Prove. . 
Prow... 
Prowl  -  - 
Proxy.  - 
Prune. - 
Pry--- 
Psalm  - 
Puff--- 
Puffy-- 
Pull... 
Pulp--- 
Pulse.. 
Puma.- 
Punch  - 


37 

47 
28 
37 
37 
37 
47 
50 
16 
49 
39 
39 
41 
22 
39 
40 
40 
39 
40 
40 
40 
40 
48 
22 
22 
23 
23 
28 
28 
38 
38 
38 
16 
38 
38 
38 
47 
50 
50 
50 


Code  word. 


Puny . . 
Reef.  - 
Reek  _ . 
Rhyme 
Right. 
Rigid - 
Rigor. 
Rill-.. 
Rim . . 
Rind.. 
Ring-- 
Ripen. 
Risk.. 
Risky  - 
Rival  - . 
River. 
Rivet  + 
Stage . . 
Staid. - 
Btair. . 
Stake . 
Stalk.. 
Stall -- 
Stamp. 
Stand . 

Star 

Stark.. 
Start-. 
State. - 
Stave - 
Stay.- 
Stead - 
Steam  _ 
Steed . . 
Stem  _  _ 
Step .  - 
Stern  _ . 
Stick. - 
Stiff... 
Stile- - 


Page. 


39 
41 
41 

28 
48 
48 
50 
28 
28 
29 
29 
48 
23 
48 
49 
16 
41 
51 
51 
23 
23 
29 
29 
50 
50 
50 
29 
50 
50 
49 
17 
29 
51 
29 
49 
51 
50 
17 
49 
50 


Code  word. 


Still. - 
Stilt.. 
Sting  _ . 
Stint. . 
Stir.... 
Stoke . 
Tripe. 
Trove - 
Tryst . 
Tube. - 
Tuber. 
Tudor- 
Tuft.. 
Tune.- 
Tuner. 
Tunic. 
Tunis. 
Tunny 
Turf. 
Turn.. 
Tusk.. 
Tutor.. 
Tweed. 
Twill-. 
Twine. 
Twirl. 
Undo. 
Unify. 
Unto.. 
Value . 
Vamp., 
Vapor- 
Vellum 
Weave 
Where. 
Whet- 
Whig.. 
Whim. 
Whine - 
Zebra.. 


DESCRIPTIONS  OF  OCCUPATIONS:  COAL  AND  WATER  GAS, 
PAINT  AND  VARNISH,  PAPER,  PRINTING  TRADES,  AND 
RUBBER  GOODS  N 

PREPARED  FOR  THE   U.  S.  EMPLOYMENT  SERVICE  BY  THE   U.  S.  BUREAU  OF 

LABOR  STATISTICS 

INTRODUCTORY  STATEMENT 

These  descriptions  of  occupations  are  based  on  investigations,  in- 
cluding private  interviews  and  correspondence,  extending  over  prac- 
tically the  entire  United  States. 

The  outstanding  fact  developed  by  these  investigations  is  that 
there  are  few  standard  or  generally  accepted  occupational  names  or 
definitions.  It  has  been  necessary,  therefore,  for  the  Bureau  of  Labor 
Statistics  to  define  certain  occupational  terms  and  classifications  and 
to  assume  the  acceptance  of  these  definitions  by  those  using  the 
descriptions.  The  bureau  is  fully  aware  of  the  fact  that  some 
important  occupations  have  probably  been  omitted  and  that  in 
some  cases  subdivisions  may  have  been  carried  too  far.  These  faults 
can  be  corrected  only  by  means  of  suggestions  and  criticisms  arising 
from  the  use  of  the  descriptions  in  filling  positions. 

The  users  of  these  descriptions  are  urged  to  send  to  the  Bureau 
of  Labor  Statistics  all  suggestions  and  criticisms  as  they  arise,  so 
that  eventually  there  may  be  developed  a  national  standard  of 
occupational  descriptions. 

^       Acknowledgment 

The  Bureau  of  Labor  Statistics  wishes  to  thank  all  those  who  have 
contributed  to  the  compilation  of  these  descriptions.  So  many 
individuals  and  representatives  of  various  organizations  have  been 
consulted  that  it  is  impossible  to  make  special  mention  of  such 
services. 

13 


PREFATORY  STATEMe^T 

IMPORTANT 

The  objects  of  these  descriptions  are  to  furnish  definitions  of  the  various  occupa- 
tions, so  that  specifications  for  help  may  be  made  uniform,  and  to  furnish  a  means 
by  which  the  prospective  employee  may  be  informed  as  to  the  nature  of  the  work  he 
will  be  expected  to  do. 

Each  occupation  has  been  described  under  the  most  generally  accepted  title.  The 
descriptions  have  been  carefully  prepared  with  the  view  of  stating  clearly  and  briefly 
what  each  occupation  requires  in  the  way  of  performance  and  qualifications,  so  that 
a  foreman  or  employment  manager  can  readily  specify  the  help  wanted  and  can  pick 
the  worker  best  fitted  to  fill  the  position. 

Without  such  standard  definitions  advertisements  and  appeals  from  the  various 
Government  departments  or  from  a  central  employment  agency  would  lose  their 
effectiveness,  especially  when  the  recruiting  is  Nation  wide. 

The  statement  of  actual  requirements  under  the  heading  of  "  schooling  "  does 
not  have  reference  to  those  already  working,  but  should  be  interpreted  to  mean  that 
no  one  should  enter  the  specified  position  at  the  present  time  without  having  the 
equivalent  of  the  stated  schooling.  "  Common  school  "  signifies  the  completion  of 
the  common-school  course. 

Directions  for  Using  Descriptions  and  Code  Words 

INDEX:  In  order  to  find  any  given  occupational  description,  use  the  index. 

CODE  WOEDS:  Each  description  has  a  code  word  which,  when  communicated 
to  any  person  who  has  access  to  these  descriptions  of  occupations,  will  enable  him 
to  ascertain  exactly  what  is  called  for  by  referring  to  the  description  indicated  by  the 
code  word.    (See  Code  words.) 

If  an  employee  is  wanted  who  has  training  suficient4o  do  work  in  any  two  or 
more  occupations  described,  the  code  words  of  these  descriptions  should  be  com- 
bined to  indicate  the  combination  of  qualifications ;  for  example :  The  code  word 
designating  an  ETCHER,  ZINC,  and  an  ETCHER,  COPPER  (see  page  33),  would 
be  EXPEL-EXTRA. 
14 


COAL  AND  WATER  GAS 

AMMONIA  STILL  OPERATOR  AMONG 

Description :  The  ammonia  still  operator  distills  the  crude  ammonia  liquor  with 
lime  for  the  purpose  of  obtaining  the  ammonia  of  commerce. 

Qualifications:  He  must  be  able  to  operate  the  various  types  of  stills  used  in 
making  ammonia.  He  must  be  able  to  operate  the  pump  used  in  pumping 
the  liquor  into  the  still  and  must  see  that  the  required  temperature  is  main- 
tained at  all  times. 

Schooling:  Conunon  school. 

CANDLEPOWER  MAN  CENSOR 

Description:  The  candlepower  man  makes  tests  of  the  gas  for  the  purpose  of 

determining  its  illuminating  value. 
Qualifications:  He  must  be  able  to  operate  the  gas  photometer  or  other  device 

used  for  the  purpose  of  determining  the  intensity  of  the  light  from  the  gas 

flame.    He  must  be  able  to  determine  the  candlepower  of  the  gas  and  be  able 

to  give  directions  for  remedying  any  defect. 
Schooling:  High  school. 

CHARGING  AND  DISCHARGING  MACHINE  OPERATOR  CAVERN 

Description:  The  operator  of  a  charging  and  discharging  machine  operates  the 
controlling  devices  of  the  machine  for  discharging  the  coke  from  the  retorts 
and  recharging  them  with  coal. 

Qualifications :  He  must  know  the  starting  and  stopping  mechanism,  must  know 
the  control  of  the  feeds,  be  able  to  oil  all  parts,  and  should  be  able  to  make  all 
minor  adjustments.  He  must  know  the  proper  amount  of  coal  to  use  in  each 
charge  and  know  when  the  retort  should  be  discharged. 

Schooling:  Common  school. 

CHEMIST,  GAS  PLANT  CAUCUS 

Description:  The  chemist  in  a  gas  plant  has  laboratory  control  of  the  gas  for 

determining  the  illuminating  and  heating  values  and  for  the  detennination  of 

impurities. 
Qualifications:  He  should  have  ability  to  conduct  gas  analyses  with  speed  and 

accuracy,  determining  all  constituents,  candlepower,  and  B.  t.  u.  values. 

He  should  be  able  to  use  all  varieties  of  apparatus  designed  for  this  type  of 

work. 
Schooling:  College  graduate. 

CLINKER  MAN  CAVITY 

Description:  The  clinker  man  removes  the  clinkers  from  the  fires  in  the  retorts. 

Qualifications :  He  must  be  able  to  hold  a  live  fire  in  the  generator  while  remov- 
ing the  clinkers  from  the  bottom  and  sides  of  the  shell.  He  must  then  be 
able  to  drop  the  fire  onto  the  grates  with  a  minimum  loss  of  fuel  and  time. 

DISTILLER,  AMMONIA.     {See  Ammonia  still  operator.) 

DRIP  MAN  DRIP 

Description:  The  drip  man  sees  to  the  condensing  and  scrubbing  of  the  liquor 
and  takes  the  drip  out  of  the  main  throughout  the  entire  condensing  house 
apparatus. 

Qualifications:  He  must  be  able  to  keep  the  various  condensers,  scrubbers,  and 
tar  separators  operating  properly.  He  must  see  that  the  gas  is  run  properly 
through  the  condensers,  that  the  liquor  ig  pumped  into  the  ammonia  liquor 
tank  and  tar  still,  and  that  the  gas  liquor  is  kept  at  the  proper  temperature. 

15 


16  COAL  AND  WATER  GAS 

FOREMAN,  COAL  GAS  FROZE 

Description:  The  foreman  of  coal-gas  generation  supervises  the  entire  process 
of  making  coal  gas. 

Qualifications:  He  must  have  a  thorough  knowledge  of  the  different  types  of 
retorts,  scrubbers,  and  condensing  apparatus.  He  must  be  able  to  make  all 
minor  adjustments  and  repairs  and  must  have  executive  ability. 

Schooling:  High  school. 

FOREMAN,  WATER  GAS  FRXnT 

Description :  The  foreman  of  water-gas  generation  supervises  the  making  of  water 
gas. 

Qualifications :  He  must  have  a  knowledge  of  the  operation  of  the  various  water- 
gas  generators,  condensing  and  pumping  systems,  and  a  thorough  knowledge 
of  water  gas.    He  must  have  executive  ability. 

Schooling :  High  school. 

HYDRAULIC  MAIN  MAN  HAZEL 

Description :  The  hydraulic  main  man  keeps  the  mains  free  from  the  accumula- 
tion of  deposits  of  heavy  tar  and  sees  that  the  proper  liquor  level  is  maintained 
at  all  times. 

Qualifications:  He  must  be  able  to  clean  and  adjust  the  tar  and  liquor  over- 
flows, to  remove  the  deposits  of  tar  and  pitch  that  accumulate  in  the  hydraulic 
main,  and  to  keep  the  ammoniacal  liquor  at  the  proper  level  to  prevent  the 
escape  of  the  gas  while  the  retort  is  being  charged. 

LABORER,  COAL  AND  WATER  GAS  LIKEN 

Description:  The  laborer  may  be  called  upon  to  do  any  ordinary  work  that  does 
not  require  skill  or  training,  such  as  cleaning  and  assisting.  He  may  have  such 
regular  work  as  the  operation  of  the  coal  crusher  and  the  bucket  conveyor  for 
transferring  coal  from  the  crushers  to  the  bin  or  for  removing  ashes  from  the 
pit  to  the  hopper.    He  also  assists  in  hauling  away  ashes. 

Qualifications :  Physical  strength  and  endurance,  rather  than  skill  or  experience, 
are  required. 

OILER,  POWER  HOUSE  ONION 

Description :  The  oiler  does  cleaning,  oiling,  and  packing  on  turbine  generators, 
exciters,  converters,  condensers,  and  pumps.  He  looks  after  hot  bearings,  and 
frequently  operates  the  controlling  levers  on  the  engines  under  the  direction 
of  the  watch  engineer.  He  assists  in  testing  and  repairing  and  may  be  re- 
quired to  do  general  cleaning  in  the  power  house. 

Qualifications :  It  is  desirable  that  he  have  experience  as  an  oiler. 

Schooling:  Common  school. 

PUMP  MAN,  GAS  WORKS  PSALM 

Description :  The  pump  man  in  a  gas  works  operates  the  pump  used  for  pumping 
the  tar  and  oil  and  also  operates  the  pipe  lines  to  the  railroad  cars.  \ 

Qualifications :  He  should  know  how  to  operate  the  pump  and  be  abl6  to  make 
all  minor  adjustments  and  repairs. 

Schooling:  Common  school. 

RETORT  HOUSE  RESULTS  MAN  RIVER 

Description :  The  retort  house  results  man  has  general  supervision  of  all  opera- 
tions in  the  retort  house. 

Qualifications :  He  must  be  able  to  attend  to  the  regular  charging  of  the  retorts, 
seeing  that  the  proper  amount  is  put  in  and  that  it  is  properly  distributed  in 
the  retort.  He  must  see  that  the  coke  bed  is  maintained  at  the  proper  height 
to  obtain  the  best  results,  that  no  clinker  or  accumulation  of  carbon  is  left  on 
the  walls,  and  that  the  proper  vacuum  is  maintained  in  the  foul  main. 

Scliooling:  High  school. 


COAL.  AND  WATER  GAS  17 

SCRUBBER,  GAS  STICK 

Description :  The  scrubber  has  charge  of  the  apparatus  through  which  the  gas  is 
passed  to  remove  the  ammonia  and  other  foreign  matter. 

Qualifications:  He  must  be  able  to  maintain  the  gas  liquor  at  the  proper  tem- 
perature, be  able  to  operate  the  valves,  and  see  that  the  liquor  is  flowing  through 
the  scrubbers  properly. 

SCURFER  STAY 

Description:  The  scurfer  removes  the  carbon  deposits  from  the  inside  walls  of 
the  retorts  and  patches  or  repairs  all  fractures  in  the  surface  of  retorts. 

Qualifications :  He  must  be  able  to  operate  the  compressed  air  machine  to  loosen 
the  carbon  deposits  from  the  inside  walls  and  be  able  to  use  the  chisel  bars  to 
remove  pieces  that  remain  fastened  to  the  walls. 

TAR  DEHYDRATOR  MAN,  COAL  GAS  TUTOR 

Description:  The  tar  dehydrator  man  operates  the  still  or  tar  extractor  for  the 
distillation  of  the  tar  and  tends  to  the  loading  of  the  tar  through  pipes  into  the 
cars. 

Qualifications:  He  must  have  a  thorough  knowledge  of  the  still  or  tar  extractor 
and  be  able  to  make  all  minor  adjustments. 

Schooling:  Common  school. 

TEST  MAN,  LABORATORY  TWILL 

Description :  The  duties  of  the  laboratory  test  man  in  a  gas  plant  are  to  make  tests 

of  the  gas  and  by-products. 
Qualifications :  He  must  be  able  to  use  the  various  testing  apparatus  for  deter- 
mining the  quality  and  amount  of  gas,  oil,  tar,  and  ammonia,  such  as  the  pho- 
tometer, calorimeter,  etc. 
Schooling:  Preferably  high  school. 
Note. — ^If  a  man  is  desired  for  making  any  particular  test,  the  name  of  the  test  he 
is  to  make  should  be  added  to  the  code  word  for  "test  man." 

WATER-GAS  HELPER  WHIG 

Description :  The  duties  of  the  water-gas  helper  are  to  operate  the  generator  under 

the  direction  of  the  water-gas  operator. 
Qualifications :  He  must  be  able  to  operate  the  air  and  steam  valves,  to  oil  the 

different  parts,  and  to  make  all  minor  adjustments  and  repairs.    He  must  be 

able  to  keep  up  the  proper  amount  of  steam  pressure  and  have  ability  to 

handle  the  clinker  men  under  him. 
Schooling:  Common  school. 

WATER-GAS  OPERATOR  WHERE 

Description:  The  water-gas  operator  supervises  the  operation  of  the  generator 
and  directs  the  work  of  the  clinker  men. 

Qualifications :  He  must  be  able  to  understand  the  working  of  the  machines  and 
be  able  to  judge  the  condition  of  the  generator  fire  as  to  temperature  and  uni- 
formity and  as  to  whether  or  not  the  fire  is  clean  or  filled  with  clinkers.  He 
must  be  able  to  judge  as  to  the  amount  and  pressure  of  steam  to  be  admitted 
to  the  generator,  whether  up  or  down  through  fire,  the  proper  temperatures  to 
be  carried  at  the  different  points  of  the  apparatus,  and  the  length  of  time  of 
blasts  and  runs. 

Schooling:  Common  school;  preferably  high  school. 
107361°— 19 3 


PAINT  AND  VARNISH 

BOILER,  LINSEED  OIL  BOOM 

Description :  The  linseed-oil  boiler  boils  linseed  oil  and  regulates  the  steam  in  the 

coils  and  the  air  that  is  blown  through  the  oil. 
■  Qualifications :  He  must  know  when  the  oil  has  been  boiled  sufficiently  and  be 

able  to  control  the  heat  so  that  the  oil  will  not  boil  over. 

CHEMIST,  PAINT  AND  VARNISH  CAREER 

Description:  The  chemist  in  a  paint  and  varnish  mill  does  laboratory  work  in 
connection  with  the  analyses  of  the  materials  required  in  the  manufacture  of 
paints  and  varnishes  and  also  of  the  finished  products. 

Qualifications :  He  must  have  a  working  knowledge  of  the  different  colors  and 
vehicles,  and  a  knowledge  of  varnishes  and  their  manufacture.  He  should 
be  able  to  analyze  the  raw  or  finished  materials  and  to  formulate  products  of 
all  kinds,  test  colors  for  strength,  color,  bulk,  fineness,  and  fading,  and  be 
able  to  match  colors  in  quantity.  He  should  have  a  thorough  knowledge  of 
the  chemistry  of  paints,  oils,  solvents,  thinners,  gums,  varnishes,  colors  and 
stains,  and  a  practical  experience  with  the  machinery  used  in  their  production. 

Schooling:  College  scientific  education;  special  courses  in  chemistry-. 

CHILEAN-MILL  OPERATOR  CARMAN 

Description:  The  Chilean-mill  operator  manipulates  the  levers  of  the  Chilean 
mill  in  which  the  oxide  of  lead  is  ground  after  coming  from  the  washer. 

Qualifications:  He  should  be  able  to  make  all  adjustments  and  minor  repairs 
to  the  mill  and  must  be  able  to  feed  the  oxide  into  the  mill  at  the  right  rate  of 
speed.  He  should  be  physically  fit,  should  understand  the  danger  of  lead 
poisoning,  and  have  sufficient  knowledge  of  such  poisoning  to  protect  himself. 

Schooling:  Common  school. 

COLOR  EXPERT  CARNAL 

Description :  The  paint  color  expert  supervises  the  entire  work  of  the  paint-color 
laboratory  and  carries  on  various  tests  and  analyses. 

Qualifications :  He  must  be  an  experienced  paint-color  chemist,  must  be  able  to 
make  and  to  supervise  the  making  of  tests,  and  must  be  expert  in  the  various 
processes  involved  in  making  paints  and  colors.  He  must  know  how  to  make 
various  tests  and  analyses  to  determine  possible  substitutes  for  the  various  in- 
gredients. 

Schooling:  Graduate  chemist  preferred. 

COLOR  TESTER,  DRY  COLORS  CARPER 

Description:  The  dry-color  tester  compares  the  color  samples  with  a  standard  in 
order  to  determine  whether  they  are  of  the  correct  shade. 

Qualifications :  He  must  have  had  experience  in  the  testing  of  colors  and  must 
know  how  to  use  the  various  color  tests  to  determine  whether  the  samples  are 
of  the  correct  shade.  He  must  have  good  lungs  and  should  know  how  to  protect 
himself  from  chemical  fumes.    He  must  have  good  eyesight. 

Schooling:  Common  school. 

FILER,  PAINT  COLOR  SAMPLES  FORGE 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  paint  color  sample  filer  are  to  index  and  file 
samples  of   the  different  paint  colors. 

Qualifications:  He  must  have  had  considerable  experience  in  the  handling  of 
paints  and  in  their  manufacture.  He  must  be  able  to  distinguish  the  different 
colors  readily  and  know  how  to  file  them  properly.  He  must  have  good  eyesight, 
have  strong  lungs,  and  should  know  how  to  protect  himself  from  chemical  fumes. 

Schooling:  Common  school. 

18 


PAINT  AND  VARNISH  19 

FILLER,  CANS  AND  BARRELS  FORK 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  filler  are  to  fill  cans  and  barrels  with  paint  and 

varnish  and  weigh  the  same. 
Qualifications :  He  must  be  able  to  keep  records  of  all  the  operations,  materials 

used,  and  the  amount  of  production.     Men  and  women  are  employed. 
Schooling:  Common  school. 

FILTERER,  VARNISH 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  vamisl^  filterer  are  to  purify  the  varnish  in  the 

filter  press  or  in  the  centrifuge. 
Qualifications:  He  must  understand  the  use  of  the  testing  vial  and  be  able  to 

make  the  proper  tests  to  see  that  the  varnish  is  perfectly  clean  and  free  from 

sediment.    He  must  be  able  to  keep  a  record  of  the  production  and  to  make 

reports  to  the  head  of  his  department. 
Schooling:  Common  school. 

FILTERER,  VARNISH,  CENTRIFUGE  FORT 

FILTERER,  VARNISH,  FILTER  PRESS  FOUND 

Note. — If  a  man  is  desired  who  can  operate  both  filter  press  and  centrifuge  com- 
bine the  code  words. 

FOREMAN,  ASSISTANT,  PAINT  AND  VARNISH  FOWL 

Description:  The  assistant  foreman  in  the  manufacture  of  paint  and  varnish 
works  under  the  direction  of  the  foreman  and  helps  him  in  the  operation  and 
maintenance  of  the  department. 

Qualifications:  He  must  have  a  general  knowledge  of  the  processes  carried  on 
in  the  department  and  must  have  had  experience  in  handling  the  various 
apparatus  used.  He  should  have  sufficient  knowledge  of  paint  mixtures  to 
judge  whether  proper  results  are  being  obtained  and  should  have  executive 
ability  suflftcient  to  handle  the  workers  under  him. 

Schooling:  Common  school;  preferably  technical  or  trade  school. 
Note. — ^In  specifying  an  assistant  foreman  add  the   name  of  the  department  or 
plant  for  which  he  is  wanted  to  the  code  word  for  assistant  foreman. 

FOREMAN,  PAINT  AND  VARNISH  FOUNT 

Description:  The  foreman  in  a  paint  or  varnish  making  plant  has  complete 
charge  of  the  various  operations  necessary  in  the  manufacture  of  paints, 
varnishes,  and  stains. 

Qualifications:  He  must  have  a  complete  working  knowledge  of  the  different 
operations  in  the  making  of  paint,  varnish,  and  stains  and  be  able  to  prepare 
the  formulas  which  the  melter  and  stain  maker  use.  He  must  be  able  to 
keep  a  complete  record  of  the  operations,  material  used,  and  the  amount  of 
production.    He  must  have  ability  to  handle  men. 

Schooling:  Common  school;  preferably  technical  or  trade  school. 
Note. — ^In  specifying  a  foreman  add  the  name  of  the  department  of  the  plant  for 
which  he  is  wanted  to  the  code  word  for  foreman. 

FOREMAN,  RED  LEAD  FOX 

Description:  The  red-lead  foreman  supervises  the  work  in  the  making  of  red 
lead. 

Qualifications:  He  must  have  a  thorough  knowledge  of  the  operation  of  the 
Chilean  mill,  Dutch  oven,  grinder,  red-lead  furnace,  and  separator  used  in 
the  making  of  red  lead  and  be  able  to  make  all  minor  adjustments  and  repairs. 
He  should  be  able  to  keep  records  of  the  output  of  his  department  and  have 
ability  to  handle  men.  He  should  be  physically  fit  and  should  know  how  to 
protect  himself  from  lead  poisoning. 

Schooling:  Common  school. 


20  PAINT  AND  VARNISH 

FORMULATOR,  PAINT  COLORS  FRAIL 

Description:  The  paint-color  formulator  compares  the  paste  and  liquid  paints 
and  enamels  with  the  standard  of  the  company  for  the  purpose  of  determining 
the  correct  color  shade. 

Qualifications:  He  must  know  the  chemical  nature  and  characteristics  of  the 
various  pigments  and  oils  used  at  the  plant  and  be  able  to  make  such  changes 
as  will  bring  any  defective  paints  or  enamels  up  to  the  proper  standard.  He 
must  have  good  eyesight  and  good  lungs  and  should  know  how  to  protect 
himself  from  chemical  fumes. 

Schooling:  High  school. 

FURNACE  MAN,  LEAD  OXIDE  FRAY 

Description :  The  lead  oxide  furnace  man  builds  and  maintains  the  fires  in  the 
litharge  furnace,  charges  the  furnace,  and  roasts  and  removes  the  charge. 

Qualifications :  He  must  know  how  to  keep  the  fire  at  the  correct  degree  of  heat 
and  must  be  able  to  shovel  the  tailings  of  lead  oxide,  carbonate,  and  red  lead 
into  the  furnace  and  draw  out  the  charge  when  it  has  been  properly  roasted. 
He  must  be  a  careful  worker,  and  should  be  able  to  protect  himself  from  lead 
poisoning. 

FURNACE  TENDER,  RED  LEAD  FREE 

Description:  The  red  lead  furnace  tender  fills  the  Dutch  oven  with  the  oxide 
of  lead  and  builds  the  fires  for  the  oven  and  grinder. 

Qualifications :  He  must  be  able  to  maintain  the  proper  degree  of  heat  in  the 
oven  and  grinder  and  be  able  to  secure  test  samples  of  the  oxide  of  lead  for 
the  laboratory  while  it  is  being  heat  treated.  He  must  keep  records  of  the 
operations  and  of  the  amount  of  materials  used.  He  should  be  able  to  protect 
himself  from  lead  poisoning  and  must  be  physically  fit. 

Schooling:  Common  school. 

GRINDER,  PAINT  GLUE 

Description:  The  paint  grinder  operates  the  shutter  of  the  chute  leading  from 
the  mixer  to  the  grinder,  and  runs  the  grinding  machine. 

Qualifications:  He  must  be  able  to  keep  records  and  make  reports  of  the  pro- 
duction to  the  foreman.  He  should  be  able  to  tell  when  the  grinding  machine 
is  not  working  properly.  He  must  have  strength  and  should  be  able  to  protect 
himself  against  chemical  fumes. 

Schooling:  Common  school. 

GRINDER,  WHITE  LEAD  GOAD 

Description:  The  grinder  has  charge  of  the  mills,  feed  pumps,  separating  appa- 
ratus, bolting  screens,  etc. 

Qualifications:  He  should  be  an  expert  miller,  should  understand  all  the 
machinery  in  his  charge,  and  should  be  able  to  keep  it  running  properly. 
Considerable  experience  is  required. 

Schooling:  Common  school;  preferably  high  school. 


PAINT   AND  VARNISH  21 

LABOBEB,  PAINT  AND  VARNISH  LION 

The  following  occupations  are  included  as  laborers: 

Barytes  grinder.  Pig  lead  melter's  helper. 

Can  crimper.  Pressman,  linseed. 

Can  solderer.  Red  lead  furnace  tender's  helper. 

Code  number  stamper.  Red  lead  separator. 

Disintegrator  feeder.  Reel  charger  and  discharger. 

Heading-up  machine  man.  Shoveler. 

Large  can  paste  filler.  Thrasher  or  wet-mill  operator. 

Lead  sprinkler.  Trimmer  or  packer,  linseed  cake. 

Lithopone  charger.  Varnish  and  stain  packer. 

Lithopone  fireman.  Varnish  melter's  helper. 

Lithopone  leacher.  Washtub  man's  helper. 

Lithopone  mill  man.  White  lead  filterer. 

Lithopone  pigment  pressor's  helper.      Other  unskilled  workers. 
In  specifying  a  worker  for  any  of  the  occupations  in  this  group,  use  the  code  word 
for  "laborer." 

Description:  The  laborer  does  such  work  as  cleaning,  trucking,  shoveling,  load- 
ing, and  such  work  as  is  indicated  by  the  occupational  name,  or  other  work  that 

does  not  require  a  long  period  of  training. 
Qualifications:  This  type  of  work  requires  a  strong  man  who  is  in  good  health 

and  who  is  willing  to  work  in  a  paint  and  varnish  plant. 
Schooling:  Common  school  is  desirable. 

LEAD  BLOWER  LIP 

Description:  The  lead  blower  operates  the  motor  pump  and  chain  elevator  to 
carry  the  oil  and  pig  lead  into  the  blower  furnace.  He  also  operates  the  blower 
furnace. 

Qualifications:  He  must  be  able  to  operate  the  machinery  and  make  all  repairs; 
must  be  able  to  operate  the  compressed-air  machine  for  blowing  the  melted  lead 
into  fine  dust;  must  be  able  to  keep  records  of  all  operations  and  of  the  quantity 
of  material  used;  must  be  physically  fit  and  able  to  stand  the  noise  of  the  blow- 
ing of  the  lead ;  and  should  be  able  to  protect  himself  from  lead  poisoning. 

Schooling:  Common  school. 

LEAD  SETTER  OB  STACK  BUILDEB  LIST 

Description:  The  lead  setter  fills  the  corroding  pots  with  acid  and  buckles, 
arranges  the  pots  in  the  stacks,  covers  them  with  boards  and  tan  bark,  and 
arranges  the  flues. 

Qualifications :  This  work  requires  training  and  practice. 

LITHABGE-MILL  OPEBATOB  LISP 

Description:  The  litharge-mill  operator  supervises  the  running  of  the  electric 
motor  of  the  mill  and  operates  the  bucket  elevator  which  carries  the  litharge 
from  the  hopper  into  the  feed  of  the  mill. 

Qualifications :  He  must  be  able  to  operate  the  motor  and  elevator  and  to  pack 
the  ground  litharge  into  barrels.  He  should  be  physically  strong  and  should 
be  a  careful  worker,  as  there  is  a  possibility  of  lead  poisoning. 

MELTEB,  PIG  LEAD  MOLD 

Description:  The  pig  lead  melter  operates  the  melting  furnace  and  buckle- 
casting  machine. 

Qualifications :  He  must  be  able  to  operate  the  valve  wheels  in  the  interior  of  the 
melting  furnace,  be  able  to  operate  the  buckle-casting  machine,  and  be  able 
to  keep  a  record  of  the  material  used.  He  must  be  physically  fit,  be  able  to 
endure  the  noise,  and  should  be  able  to  protect  himJaelf  from  the  fumes  and 
dust  from  the  lead. 

Schooling:  Common  school. 


22  PATNT  AND  VARNISH 

MELTER,  VARNISH  MOOD 

Description:  The  varnish  melter  cooks  the  resin  and  oils  in  the  varnish  kcttel 
and  pumps  the  finished  product  into  the  storage  tank. 

Qualifications:  He  must  be  able  to  make  tests  of  the  compound  to  determine 
whether  the  ingredients  have  been  sufficiently  cooked  so  that  they  will  not 
separate  on  cooling.  He  must  be  able  to  operate  the  motor-driven  pump  for 
pumping  the  liquid  from  the  kettle  into  the  tank,  be  able  to  make  minor  adjust- 
ments, and  know  when  the  pump  is  not  working  properly.  He  must  be 
able  to  keep  records  of  the  operations  and  render  reports  to  the  superintendent. 
He  should  be  physically  strong. 

Schooling:  Common  school. 

MILLER,  PAINT.     (See  Grinder,  paint;  Grinder,  white  lead.) 

MIXER,  PAINT  MOODY 

Description:  The  paint  mixer  operates  the  mixer  for  the  proper  mixing  of  the 
various  pastes  and  liquids  used  in  making  paint. 

Qualifications:  He  must  be  able  to  operate  the  electric  pump  and  the  levers  and 
controlling  devices  of  the  mixer  and  to  mix  the  pastes  and  liquids  in  the 
proper  quantities  according  to  the  given  formula.  He  must  be  physically 
strong,  be  able  to  stand  the  paint  odors,  and  be  able  to  keep  records  of  all 
operations,  materials  used,  and  the  amount  of  mixed  paint  produced. 

Schooling:  Common  school. 

MUFFLE  MAN  MOON 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  muffle  man  are  to  tend  the  muffle  furnace  for 
.  baking  the  lithopone  cake. 
Qualifications:  He  must  be  able  to  read  the  pyrometer  and  to  keep  the  fire  at 

the  proper  temperature.     He  must  be  able  to  keep  records  of  his  production, 

and  should  be  physically  fit. 
Schooling:  Common  school. 

PAINT  MAKER  (SHADER  AND  TINTER)  PAID 

Description:  The  paint  maker  supervises  the  mixing  and  grinding  of  the  colors 

and  oil. 
Qualifications:  He  should  be  able  to  use  a  formula  and  to  vary  the  formula,  if 

necessary,  because  of  nonuniformity  of  ingredients  used. 

PRESSER,  LITHOPONE  PIGMENT  PROSE 

Description:  The  lithopone  pigment  pressor  runs  the  lithopone  acid  from  the 
storage  tank  into  the  raw  pigment  press  tub,  mixing  it  with  another  acid. 

Qualifications:  He  must  be  physically  fit,  must  know  the  proper  amount  of 
ingredients  to  use,  and  know  when  the  mixture  has  been  properly  baked. 

Schooling:  Common  school. 

PRESS  MAN,  FINAL,  LITHOPONE  PROSY 

Description:  The  final  press  man  operates  the  motor  pumps  for  pumping  the 

lithopone  liquid  from  the  screen  washtub  into  the  press. 
Qualifications :  He  should  be  able  to  operate  the  controlling  devices  of  the  pump 

and  be  able  to  make  all  minor  adjustments.     He  must  be  able  to  keep  records 

of  the  production,  and  should  be  physically  fit. 
Schooling:  Common  school. 


PAINT  AND  VARNISH  28 

PITLP-MACHINE  OPERATOE  PROUD 

Description :  The  pulp-machine  operator  operates  the  pulp  machine  and  rolling 
machine  for  mixing  the  lead  and  oil  and  for  grinding  it. 

Qualifications :  He  must  know  the  proper  amount  of  lead  and  oil  to  mix  together 
be  able  to  operate  the  controlling  devices  of  the  pulp  machine  and  the  rolling 
machine,  and  be  able  to  make  all  minor  repairs  and  adjustments  to  same. 
He  must  be  able  to  keep  records  of  the  oil  and  lead  used.  He  should  be  physi- 
cally strong  and  should  be  able  to  protect  himself  from  lead  poisoning. 

Schooling:  Common  school. 

PUTTY  MAEIR  PROVE 

Description:  The  putty  maker  operates  the  putty  mill  in  the  manufacture  of 

putty. 
Qualifications:  He  must  have  a  knowledge  of  the  proper  proportions  of  linseed 

oil  and  whiting  to  be  used  and  know  when  the  putty  haa  been  reduced  to 

the  proper  consistency.     He  must  be  able  to  operate  the  controlling  devices 

of  the  mill. 
Schooling :  Common  school. 

REFINER,  LINSEED  OH.  RISK 

Description:  The  linseed-oil  refiner  refines  linseed  oil  by  washing  it  with  acid 

and  with  water  and  by  filtering  it. 
Qualifications:  He  must  be  able  to  tend  the  apparatus  and  to  test  the  oil  for 

acid.     He  should  have  had  experience  in  this  kind  of  work. 
Schooling :  Common  school. 

STAIN  MAKER  *  STAIR 

Description:  The  stain  maker  prepares  the  various  stains. 

Qualifications :  He  must  be  able  to  maintain  the  proper  steam  heat,  be  able  to 
make  the  proper  tests,  matching  the  samples  with  a  standard  to  see  that  it 
has  the  proper  color,  know  when  it  has  been  properly  cooked,  be  able  to  pump 
away  the  finished  product,  to  operate  the  steam  boilers,  and  to  regulate  the 
flow  of  steam.  He  must  be  able  to  keep  records  of  the  temperature,  of  amount 
of  materials  used,  and  of  the  production.     He  must  be  physically  strong. 

Schooling:  Common  school. 

STONE  DRESSER,  PAINT  MILL  STAKE 

Description:  The  stone  dresser  resurfaces  the  stones  of  the  paint  mill  and  puts 
a  grinding  surface  on  new  stones. 

Qualifications:  He  must  be  able  to  use  the  pneumatic  tools  for  roughing  and 
finishing  stone,  be  able  to  read  drawings,  and  work  to  templates;  must  under- 
stand leveling  and  truing  stone  and  be  able  to  make  it  ready  for  the  mill.  He 
should  have  served  an  equivalent  to  an  apprenticeship  as  a  stone  cutter. 

Schooling:  Common  school. 

TEMPERER  OR  MILLMAN,  LINSEED  OIL  TWEED 

Description:  The  temperer  tends  the  crushing  rolls  and  the  flaxseed  cooker. 
Qualifications :  He  must  be  able  to  operate  all  the  machinery  used  in  this  opera- 
tion and  to  regulate  the  cooker  properly. 

WASHTUB  MAN  WEAVE 

Description:  The  washtub  man  supervises  the  pumping  of  the  lead  or  litho- 
pone  liquid  from  the  thrasher  or  wet  mill  into  the  washtub,  mixing  it  with 
water  and  draining  off  the  washed  material  from  the  tub  into  the  heater. 

Qualifications:  He  must  have  some  knowledge  of  the  compressed  air  machine 
used  in  agitating  the  materials  in  the  washtub,  must  h?.ve  ability  to  handle 
men,  and  be  able  to  keep  records  of  the  number  of  washes  that  he  makes. 
He  should  be  physically  fit  and  be  able  to  work  in  a  damp  atmosphere.  There 
is  some  danger  of  lead  poisoning. 

Schooling:  Common  school.  * 


PAPER 

ACID  MAKER  *  AMPLE 

Description:  The  acid  maker  superintends  the  manufacture  of  the  sulphurous 

acid  used  in  the  mill. 
Qualifications :  He  must  know  how  to  operate  the  various  types  of  furnaces  used 

for  burning  the  sulphur.     He  must  be  able  to  combine  the  sulphiirous  acid 

with  the  milk  of  lime,  making  the  product  uniform  and  of  the  proper  quality. 

He  should  have  ability  to  handle  men. 
Schooling:  High  school;  preferably  some  technical  training. 

ACID  MAEIEB'S  HELPER  AMUSE 

Description:  The  acid  maker's  helper  assists  the  acid  maker  in  making  the  acid 
used  in  the  naill,  having  charge  of  firing  the  sulphur  furnace  and  filling  acid 
towers  with  limestone. 

Qualifications:  He  must  be  able  to  operate  the  furnaces  used  for  burning  the 
sulphur  and  to  combine  the  acid  with  milk  of  lime  under  the  direction  of  the 
acid  maker.  He  must  be  able  to  detect  dirt  in  sulphur,  to  judge  limestone, 
and  be  able  to  distinguish  hard  stone  from  soft. 

Schooling:  Common  school;  preferably  high  school. 

BACK  TENDER  BLIGHT 

Description:  The  back  tender  assists  the  machine  tender  in  the  operation  of  the 
paper-making  machine,  seeing  to  the  proper  drying  of  the  paper,  calendering, 
reeling,  rewinding,  etc. 

Qualifications:  He  should  have  a  thorough  knowledge  of  the  operation  of  the 
various  types  of  paper-making  machines  and  be  able  to  make  tests  of  the  paper 
to  see  that  it  is  of  the  required  weight.  He  must  be  able  to  make  all  minor 
adjustments  and  repairs  to  the  machine  and  have  strength  and  endurance. 

Schooling:  Common  school. 

BARKER  BLOCK 

Description :  The  barker  feeds  the  blocks  of  wood  into  the  ' '  tumbler  "  or  "  barker  " 
for  the  purpose  of  removing  the  bark. 

Qualifications :  He  must  have  a  knowledge  of  the  barking  machinery,  also  of 
barker  knives  and  their  proper  grinding,  and  must  know  the  barking  qualities 
of  the  different  grades  of  wood.  He  must  be  able  to  make  all  minor  adjust- 
ments to  the  machines. 

Schooling:  Common  school.      * 

BEATER  MAN  BLOND 

Description:  The  beater  man  superintends  the  operation  of  the  beating  and 
coloring  of  the  paper  stock  and  has  charge  of  the  men  in  his  department. 

Qualifications:  He  must  have  a  thorough  knowledge  of  the  raw  materials  and 
the  processes  involved  in  their  conversion  into  paper,  and  must  be  able  to 
add  the  proper  amount  of  filler  and  size,  if  the  paper  is  to  be  engine  sized. 
He  must  understand  the  mixing  of  the  dyes  used  in  paper  making.  He  must 
know  when  the  pulp  has  been  sufficiently  treated.  He  should  have  good 
eyesight ,  color  sight,  and  ability  to  handle  men. 

Schooling:  High  school;  preferably  technical  graduate. 
24 


PAPEB  25 

BEATER  MAN'S  HELPER  BLOT 

Description:  The  beater  man'^ helper  fills  the  beater  engine  with  the  rag  stock 

or  wood  pulp,  putting  in  the  proper  chemicals,  and  assists  the  beater  man 

in  the  operation  of  the  beater  engine. 
Qualifications:  He  must  understand  the  various  types  of  beater  engines  used 

and  know  when  the  pulp  has  been  sufficiently  treated.     He  must  have  physical 

strength  and  endurance. 
Schooling:  Common  school. 

BLEACH  BOILER'S  HELPER.     {See  Rag  boiler.) 

BLOCK  HANDLER.     {See  Grinder  man.) 

BLOW  PIT  MAN.     {See  Sulphite  cooker.) 

BROKE  BOY.    {See  Laborer,  male,  paper.) 

CALENDERER  CARTER 

Description :  The  calenderer  operates  the  calender  rolls  to  smooth  or  polish  the 

surface  of  the  paper. 

Qualifications :  He  should  have  a  thorough  knowledge  of  the  calender  machine 
and  be  able  to  make  all  minor  repairs.  He  must  exercise  care  to  make  the 
paper  pass  between  the  rolls  properly.  He  should  have  strength  and  endur- 
ance and  ability  to  handle  men. 

Schooling:  Common  school. 

CALENDERER'S  HELPER.     {See  Laborer,  male,  paper.) 
CALENDER  GIRL.    {See  Laborer,  female,  paper.) 

CHEMIST,  PAPER  CARTON 

Description :  The  chemist  makes  analyses  of  air  raw  materials  entering  into  the 
manufacture  of  pulp  and  paper.  He  supervises  tests  on  acids,  pulp,  and 
paper.  He  also  has  technical  control  of  the  processes,  such  as  bleaching^ 
cooking,  acid  making,  sizing,  etc. 

Qualifications:  He  must  have  research  ability  to  solve  the  various  problems 
as  they  arise  in  the  manufacture  of  pulp  and  paper.  He  must  be  able  to  make 
the  various  tests  of  the  finished  product  for  strength,  sizing,  absorbency,  etc. 
He  should  have  good  eyesight  and  ability  to  handle  men. 

Schooling:  College  graduate,  with  special  training  in  analytical,  organic,  and 
research  chemistry. 

CHIPPER  FOREMAN  CARVER 

Description :  The  chipper  foreman  superintends  the  chipping  of  the  wood  in  the 
chipper. 

Qualifications :  He  must  be  able  to  distinguish  all  the  different  kinds  of  wood 
and  have  a  thorough  knowledge  of  knife  grinding  and  saw  filing.  He  must 
see  that  the  bark  has  been  properly  removed  in  the  barker  and  be  able  to 
make  all  minor  adjustments  or  repairs  to  the  machines.  He  must  have  ability 
to  handle  men. 

Schooling :  Common  school ;  preferably  some  technical  training. 

CHIPPER  MAN.     {See  Laborer,  male,  paper.) 

COOK.     {See  Sulphite  cooker.) 

COOK,  HEAD.     {See  Sulphite  cooker.) 

COOK'S  HELPER.     {See  Laborer,  male,  paper.) 
107361°— 19 4 


26  PAPER 

coucher'  casing 

Description :  The  coucher  turns  the  mold  ovef  after  the  deckle  has  been  removed 
by  the  vat  man,  pressing  it  against  a  sheet  of  felt  so  that  the  wet  sheet  of  paper 
adheres  to  the  felt,  making  a  pile  or  "post"  of  the  sheets  thus  formed  con- 
sisting of  wet  sheets  alternated  with  felt,  and  subjecting  the  pile  to  a  heavy 
pressure  in  order  to  remove  the  water. 

Qualifications :  He  must  be  a  quick  and  careful  worker,  be  able  to  operate  the 
hydraulic  or  other  press  and  to  make  all  adjustments. 

Schooling:  Common  school. 

COUNTER  CASSIA 

Description:  The  counter  counts  the  sheets  of  paper  into  lots  of  12,  24  or  more 

sheets. 
Qualifications:  She  must  have  speed,  accuracy,  strength,  and  dexterity.    Girls 

are  usually  employed. 
Schooling:  Common  school. 

CUTTER,  FINISHING  ROOM,  PAPER  CASTOR 

Description:  The  cutter  in  the  finishing  room  supervises  the  cutting  of  the  rolls 

of  paper  coming  from  the  calenders. 
Qualifications :  He  must  be  able  to  set  the  knives  for  the  different  sizes,  make 

adjustments,  sharpen  the  knives,  and  make  all  minor  repairs  to  the  machine. 

He  should  have  strength,  endurance,  and  ability  to  handle  the  helpers  on  the 

machine. 
Schooling:  Common  school. 

CUTTER  GIRL.     (See  Laborer,  female,  paper.) 

CUTTER,  RAG  ROOM  CASTLE 

Description:  The  cutter  in  the  rag  room  feeds  the  rags  into  the  mechanical  rag 
cutters,  where  they  are  cut  into  small  pieces. 

Qualifications :  He  must  be  able  to  grind  the  cutter  knives  and  set  them  in  the 
machine  and  be  able  to  take  the  cutter  apart  for  the  purpose  of  making  slight 
repairs  and  for  grinding.    This  work  requires  strength,  endurance,  and  care. 

Schooling:  Common  school. 

CUTTER'S  HELPER.     {See  Laborer,  male,  paper.) 
DIGESTER  MAN.     {See  Sulphite  cooker.) 

DIGESTER  REPAIR  MAN  DINE 

Description:  The  digester  repair  man  inspects  and  repairs  the  digesters. 

Qualifications :  He  must  understand  steam  pressure  and  its  danger  and  be  able 
to  judge  steel  plate  and  rivets.  He  should  have  a  knowledge  of  the  expansion 
and  contraction  of  steel  plate  and  rivets,  should  understand  cement  and  brick- 
work, and  have  ability  to  handle  men. 

Schooling:  Common  school. 

DUSTER  MAN,  RAG  ROOM  DIP 

Description:  The  duster  man  operates  the  rag  willow  or  duster  to  remove  the 

loose  dirt  from  the  rags  and  open  up  the  fibers  so  that  the  chemicals  used  in 

bleaching  can  better  penetrate  and  act  upon  them. 
Qualifications :  He  must  have  a  knowledge  of  the  mechanical  duster  used  and  be 

able  to  make  all  minor  adjustments  and  repairs  to  the  machinery. 
Schooling;  Common  school. 

FINISHER.     {See  Sealer.) 


PAPER  27 

FOLDER.     {See  Counter.) 
GLAZER.     (See  Plater  man.) 

GRINDER  MAN  GNARL 

Description:  The  grinder  man  places  the  blocks  of  wood  into  the  "pockets"  of 
a  heavy  cast-iron  frame  incasing  a  large,  rapidly  revoh-ing  grindstone. 

Qualifications :  He  must  be  able  to  keep  the  grinders  and  stones  in  proper  con- 
dition and  to  keep  a  stream  of  water  plajdng  against  the  face  of  the  grindstone 
so  that  the  wood  will  not  bum  as  it  is  pressed  against  the  stone  by  hydraulic 
pressure. 

Schooling:  Common  school. 

INSPECTOR,  RAG  ROOM  IGNORE 

Description :  The  inspector  examines  the  work  of  the  rag  sorters  for  the  purpose 
of  finding  any  buttons,  rubber,  or  other  foreign  matter  overlooked  by  -the  rag 
sorters. 

Qualifications:  The  inspector  must  have  good  eyesight  and  color  sight  and  be 
quick  and  alert.    Women  are  employed. 

Schooling:  Common  school. 

XABORER,  FEMALE,  PAPER  LIBER 

The  following  occupations  are  included  as  female  laborers:  Calender  girl,  Cutter 
girl,  other  unskilled  workers. 

In  specifying  a  worker  for  any  occupation  in  this  group  use  the  code  word  for 
"laborer,  female." 

Description :  The  female  laborer  does  such  work  as  feeding  paper  into  the  calender 
machine,  tending  the  box  of  the  cutter  machine,  and  other  unskilled  work  that 
does  not  require  a  long  period  of  training. 
Qualifications :  Girls  over  16  yeai-s  of  age  are  generally  employed.     They  must  be 
healthy,  alert,  and  strong. 

XABORER,  MALE,  PAPER  LICK 

The  following  occupations  are  included  as  male  laborers:  Broke  boy,  Calenderer's 
helper.  Chipper  man,  Cook's  helper.  Cutter's  helper.  Lime  slaker.  Screen  boy,  Stock 
digger.  Washer's  helper,  other  unskilled  workers. 

In  specifying  a  worker  for  any  occupation  in  this  group  use  the  code  word  for 
"laborer,  male." 

Description:  The  laborer  does  such  work  as  picking  up  the  spoiled  paper,  clean- 
ing screens  on  paper  machines,  putting  cores  on  the  reels,  taking  rolls  of  paper 
off  the  machine,  digging  "half  stuff"  out  of  the  drainers,  and  other  unskilled 
work  that  does  not  require  a  long  period  of  training. 
Qualifications:  This  t>7)e  of  work  requires  strength  rather  than  skill  or  experi- 
ence, the  necessary  experience  being  acquired  in  a  few  days. 

LAYER  MAN  v     LID 

Description*:  The  layer  man  separates  the  moist  sheets  of  paper  from  the  felts, 
putting  the  sheets  through  the  press  again  to  remove  all  water. 

Qualifications:  He  must  be  a  quick  and  careful  worker,  able  to  operate  a  hy- 
draulic or  other  press,  and  to  make  all  minor  repairs  to  the  press. 

Schooling:  Common  school. 

LIME  SLAKER.     {See  Laborer,  male,  paper.) 


28  PAPER 

LOFTMAN  LIEGE 

Description :  The  loftman  hangs  the  wet  paper  coming  from  the  paper  machine 

on  poles  or  cords  in  the  loft  for  the  purpose  of  drying. 
Qualifications:  He  must  be  a  careful  .worker,  be  able  to  hang  and  pull  the  paper 

properly,  and  be  able  to  regulate  the  amount  of  heat  for  drying.     He  should 

have  strength  and  endurance. 
Schooling:  Common  school. 

MACHINE  TENDER,  PAPER  ^  MORN 

Description :  The  machine  tender  has  charge  of  the  operation  of  the  paper  machine 

which  converts  the  prepared  paper  stock  into  paper. 
Qualifications :  He  must  be  able  to  operate  the  paper-making  machine  and  be 

able  to  make  all  minor  repairs  to  the  wire  and  other  parts 'of  the  machine. 

He  must  have  strength  and  endurance  and  ability  to  handle  men. 
Schooling:  Common  school;  preferably  high  school. 

PLATER  GIRL  PROW 

Description :  The  plater  girl  makes  up  piles,  or  books,  of  alternate  layers  of  the 

sized  sheets  of  paper  and  plates  made  of  zinc  or  copper. 
Qualifications :  She  must  be  a  careful  worker  to  prevent  wrinkling  of  the  sheets 

of  paper,  and  must  have  speed  and  dexterity. 
Schooling:  Common  school. 

PLATER  MAN  PROWL 

Description:  _ne  plater  man  receives  the  books  of  paper  fi-om  the  plater  girl, 

passing  them  through  the  plate-glazing  calender  several  times. 
Qualifications :  He  must  exercise  care  to  make  the  paper  pass  between  the  rolls 
of  the  calender  properly.    He  should  have  a  thorough  knowledge  of  the  cal- 
ender machine  and  be  able  to  make  all  adjustments  and  minor  repairs.    He 
should  have  strength  and  endurance. 
Schooling:  Common  school. 

PRESS  MAN.     {See  Wet  machine  tender.) 

PRlESS  TENDER.     {See  Wet  machine  tender.) 

RAG  BOILER  RILL 

Description :  The  rag  boiler  packs  the  rags  into  the  rag  boiler  for  boiling  in  lime 
or  other  chemicals  to  remove  grease,  starch,  size,  or  other  foreign  substances. 

Qualifications :  He  should  understand  the  various  types  of  boilers,  such  as  rotary 
stationary  boilers,  and  be  able  to  make  all  necessary  minor  repairs.  He  must 
have  strength  and  endurance. 

Schooling:  Common  school. 

BAG  SORTER  RIM 

Description:  The  rag  sorter  grades  the  rags,  as  they  come  from  the  thrasher 
machine,  according  to  their  color,  condition,  quality,  and  material,  removing 
all  buttons,  rubber,  and  other  foreign  matter,  using  a  scythe-shaped  knife 
fastened  to  the  sorting  table  to  cut  the  rags. 

Qualifications:  She  must  have  good  eyesight,  be  quick  and  alert,  and  have 
good  color  sight.    Women  are  always  employed. 

Schooling:  Common  school. 

REEL  BOY  RHYME 

Description :  The  reel  boy  helps  take  the  paper  over  the  paper  machine,  putting 

the  cores  on  the  reels  and  taking  off  the  rolls  of  paper. 
'        Qualifications:  He  should  have  had  experience  as  a  broke  boy.     He  must  be 

active  and  willing  to  obey  orders. 
Schooling:  Common  school. 


PAPER  29 

REWINDER  BIND 

Description:  The  rewinder  supervises  the  rewinding  of  the  paper,   cutting  it 

into  various  sizes. 
Qualifications:  He  must  be  an  active  and  rapid  worker. 
Schooling:  Common  school. 

BOLL  SKINNEB.     {See  Wet  machine  tender.) 

BULER,  PAPER  BING 

Description:  The  ruler  operates  a  pen  or  disk  ruling  machine  for  the  purpose  of 

ruling  the  paper,  either  "faint-line"  or  "struck." 
Qualifications :  He  must  be  able  to  make  all  adjustments  and  all  minor  repairs 

to  his  machine.     He  should  have  strength  and  dexterity. 
Schooling:  Common  school. 

SCBEEN  BOY.     {See  Laborer,  male,  paper.) 

SCBEEN  MAN,  HEAD  STALL 

Description:  The  screen  man  has  charge  of  the  sieves  or  screens  through  which 

the  pulp  passes  as  it  comes  from  the  grinders. 
Qualifications:  He  must  be  quick  and  alert  and  see  that  the  screens  are  working 

properly.     He  must  have  some  mechanical  ability  and  understand  the  various 

parts  of  the  machine  he  is  working. 
Schooling:  Common  school. 

SEALEB  STALK 

Description:  The  sealer  ties,  seals,  and  wraps  the  paper  in  packages  for  the 

trade  after  it  has  been  cut  to  the  proper  size. 
Qualifications :  He  must  know  the  various  grades  of  paper  and  be  able  to  turn 

out  neat  work.     He  must  have  strength  and  dexterity  to  handle  the  rolls  and 

packages  of  paper. 
Schooling:  Common  school. 

SIZE  MAKEB  *      STABK 

Description :  The  size  maker  prepares  the  sizing  for  the  beaters  and  the  machines. 
Qualifications:  He  must  thoroughly  understand  the  making  of  the  various  rosin, 

starch,  and  animal  sizes.     He  should  have  strength  and  endurance. 
Schooling:  Common  school. 

SIZE  MAN  STEAD 

Description :  The  size  man  has  charge  of  the  vat  or  trough  containing  the  hot  size 

solution. 
Qualifications :  He  must  be  quick  and  alert,  taking  care  that  the  paper  is  not 
wrinkled  in  passing  through  the  squeezing  rollers  to  remove  the  surplus  size. 
Schooling:  Common  school.     . 

SOBTEB  GIRL  STEED 

Description :  The  sorter  girl  inspects  the  sheets  of  paper  for  wrinkled  and  soiled 
sheets  and  those  that  do  not  come  up  to  the  required  standard  of  the  mill. 

Qualifications:  She  must  have  good  eyesight  and  color  sight,  and  know  the 
different  grades  of  paper  produced  in  the  mill.  She  should  be  quick  and 
alert. 

Schooling:  Common  school . 

STOCK  DIGGER.     {Sec  Laborer,  male,  paper.) 


30  PAPER 

SULPHITE  COOKER  STILL 

Description :  The  sulphite  cooker  has  charge  of  the  cooking  of  the  pulp  in  the 
digester. 

Qualtflcations :  He  must  know  how  to  keep  the  temperature  and  pressure  charts. 

I  He  must  be  able  to  tell  when  the  pulp  has  been  properly  cooked  and  should 
understand  thoroughly  the  different  parts  of  the  machine,  making  an  examina- 
tion of  the  inside  of  the  shell  of  the  digester  after  the  pulp  has  been  blown  out, 
to  see  that  no  injury  is  taking  place  to  the  lining.  He  must  be  able  to  make 
all  minor  repairs  to  the  digester.    He  should  have  strength  and  endurance. 

Schooling:  High  school;  preferably  technical  training. 
SULPHUR  BURNER.     {See  Acid  maker.) 
TANK  MAN.     {See  Acid  maker.) 
THRASHER  MAN  TWINE 

Description:  The  thrasher  man  opens  the  bales  of  rags,  weighs  the  tare,  and 
throws  the  rags  into  the  hopper  of  the  thrashing  machine. 

Qualifications:  He  should  have  good  eyesight,  and  have  physical  strength  and 
endurance. 

Schooling:  Common  school. 
TOWER  MAN.     {See  Acid  maker.) 
TRIMMER,  PAPER  TWIRL 

Description :  The  trimmer  operates  the  trimming  press,  trimming  the  paper  to 
the  proper  size. 

Qualifications:  He  must  have  a  knowledge  of  the  different  grades,  sizes,  and 
weights  of  paper.  He  must  know  how  to  operate  the  trimming  press,  be  able 
to  sharpen  the  trimming  knives,  and  to  make  all  minor  repairs.  He  should 
have  strength  and  endurance. 

Schooling:  Common  school. 
VAT  MAN,  HANDMADE  PAPER  VALUE 

Description:  The  vat  man  dips  the  mold,  or  tray,  with  wire-cloth  bottom,  into 
the  vat  containing  pulp  mixed  with  a  quantity  of  water,  taking  up  some  of  the 
pulp  and  shaking  the  tray  gently  to  produce  a  felting  or  interlacing  of  the  fibers. 

Qualifications:  He  must  be  quick  and  alert.  He  must  exercise  great  care  in 
shaking  the  mold  in  order  that  the  sheets  may  not  vary  beyond  reasonable 
limits  as  to  their  substance,  strength,  and  thickness. 

Schooling:  Common  school. 
WASHER  WHET 

Description :  The  washer  supervises  the  washing  and  bleaching  of  the  stock  in 
the  engine  and  keeps  a  record  of  the  amount  and  grade  of  rags  that  are  processed 
by  him. 

Qualifications:  He  must  know  all  the  different  grades  of  rags  used  in  paper 
making;  and  be  able  to  tell  when  the  rags  have  been  washed  long  enough  and 
the  fibers  are  properly  drawn  out  for  bleaching.  He  should  know  the  proper 
amount  of  chloride  of  lime  or  bleaching  powder  to  use  and  know  something 
of  the  various  processes  of  paper  making.  He  must  be  able  to  superintend  the 
process  of  washing. 

Schooling:  Common  school;  preferably  high  school. 
WASHER'S  HELPER.     {See  Laborer,  male,  paper.) 
WET  MACHINE  TENDER    ■  WHINE 

Description :  The  wet  machine  tender  operates  the  wet  machine,  removing  the 
sheets,  or  *'laps,"  of  pulp  forming  on  the  press  rolls. 

Qualifications:  He  must  be  able  to  operate  the  mechanism  of  the  wet  machine. 
He  must  be  able  to  cut  the  pulp  from  the  roll  by  the  use  of  a  sharp-pointed 
wooden  pin,  by  passing  the  point  under  the  sheet  close  to  the  wood  roll,  across 
the  face  of  the  roll,  rolling  the  sheet  of  pulp  onto  a  table,  after  which  it  is 
weighed.    He  must  be  quick  and  alert  and  be  able  to  handle  men. 

Schooling:  Common  school. 


PRINTING  TRADES 

ARTIST,  LITHOGRAPHIC  ^  ANGLE 

Description:   The  lithographic  artist  reproduces  the  design  which  has  been 

created  bj-  the  designer, 
Qualifications:  He  must  be  able  to  select  the  colors  necessary  to  give  the 
best  possible  reproduction  of  the  subject,  to  indicate  the  exact  character 
of  negative  necessary  for  a  given  result,  and  to  take  charge  of  the  proving 
of  his  plates,  both  as  to  quality  and  character  of  color.  He  should  have 
a  general  knowledge  of  the  chemicals  use<l  and  know  their  actions  on  the 
stone. 
Schooling:  High  school. 

BANK  MAN,  LINOTYPE  AND  MONOTYPE  BOLD 

Description:  The  bank  man  proofs  type,  makes  corrections,  inserts  head- 
ings, and  makes  up  type  into  galleys. 
Qualifications:  He  must  know  the  various  sizes  of  type  and  styles  of  tyi^e 
faces.  He  must  be  experienced  in  justification,  correcting,  and  make-up. 
He  should  be  able  to  set  up  any  straight  or  display  matter,  special  forms, 
and  tabular  work. 
Schooling:   Common  school. 

BATTERY  MAN,  ELECTRO  TYPING  BIT 

Description:  The  battery  man  operates  the  dynamo  or  other  apparatus 
used  in  electrotyping  for  depositing  a  thin  shell  of  copper  on  the  electro- 
type plate. 
Qualifications:  He  should  be  able  to  mix  the  solutions  and  be  able  to  keep 
them  up  to  the  proper  standard.  He  should  have  a  thorough  knowledge 
of  the  operation  of  the  dynamo,  have  a  knowledge  of  electricity,  and 
know  something  about  the  chemicals  used. 
Schooling:  Common  school;  preferably  technical  high  school. 

BLOCKER,  ELECTROTYPING  BLAME 

Description:  The  blocker   fastens   the  electrotype  plates  to   the  wooden 

blocks. 
Qualifications:  He  must  be  able  to  use  the  various  woodworking  tools  and 

be  able  to  shave  the  blocks  to  the  proper  thickness  so  that  the  plates 

when  fastened  to  the  blocks  will  be  type  high. 
Schooling:  Common  school. 

BLOCKER,  PHOTO-ENGRAVING.     (See  Router  and  blocker.) 

BUILDER,  ELECTROTYPING.      (See  Molder.) 

CASTER,  ELECTROTYPING  CANE 

Description:  The  caster  pours  the  molten  metal  over  the  form  for  the  pur- 
pose of  making  the  electrotype  plate. 
Qualifications:  He  must  be  able  to  make  the  proper  solution  of  the  zinc 
oxide  and  know  how  to  apply  it  to  the  shell.  He  should  know  how  to 
tin  the  shell  and  know  when  it  has  been  properly  tinned.  He  should  be 
able  to  pour  the  metal  and  be  able  to  maintain  the  proper  temperature  of 
the  metal. 
Sohooling:  Common  school. 

31 


32  PRINTING  TRADES 

CASTEH  MAN,  MONOTYPE  CASUAL 

Description:  The  monotype  caster  man  places  the  perforated  roll  into  the 
caster  and  operates  the  casting  machine  and  air  compressor  for  the 
casting  and  setting  of  monotype. 
Qualifications:  He  should  know  the  namej  care,  and  use  of  the  principal 
parts  of  his  machine  and  he  able  to  make  all  adjustments  necessary  fnr 
the  completion  of  any  given  job.  He  should  be  able  to  adjust  the  roll 
into  the  machine  properly  and  have  a  detailed  knowledge  of  the  metals 
used  for  casting  monotype. 
Schooling:  Common  school, 

COLLATOR  CELERY 

Description:  The  collator  arranges  the  signatures  in  proper  order  after 

they  have  been  gathered. 
Qualifications:   She  must  be  a  careful  worker,  examining  the  paging  to  see 
that  the  leaves  are  in  proper  order  and  that  nothing  is  missing  or  defec- 
tive.    She  must  have  good  eyesight  and  be  quick  and  active. 
Schooling:  Common  school. 

COMPOSITOR,  JOB  OR  HAND  CELLAR 

Description:  The  hand  compositor  sets  type  and  makes  all  corrections  after 

the  proof  has  been  read  by  the  proof  reader. 
Qualifications:  He  must  know  the  various  sizes  of  type  and  styles  of  type 
faces.  He  must  be  familiar  with  ordinary  hand  typesetting,  experienced 
in  justification,  correcting,  and  "  make-up,"  and  have  a  general  knowledge 
of  presswork  and  the  principles  of  design  and  color  harmony.  He  should 
be  able  to  set  up  any  straight  or  display  matter,  special  forms,  and 
tabular  work. 
Schooling:   Common  school;  preferably  high  school. 

COPY  EDITOR  CARROW 

Description:  The  copy  editor  prepares  copy  for  printing  by  preparing  dis- 
play lines,  indicating  types  to  be  used,  spacing,  indentations,  and  casting 
of  tabular  matter,  and  otherwise  marking  the  copy  so  as  to  secure  uni- 
formity of  product. 

Qualifications:  He  must  have  a  good  general  knowledge  of  the  processes 
used  in  printing,  must  know  type  sizes  and  styles,  and  printing  measure- 
ments. He  should  have  a  thorough  knowledge  of  English  and  must  be 
familiar  with  proof  readers'  marks. 

Schooling:  Common  school. 
COPY  HOLDER  CEMENT 

Description:  The  gppy  holder  reads  the  copy  for  the  proof  reader  for  com- 
parison with  the  proof. 

Qualifications:  He  should  have  good  eyesight,  the  habit  of  concentration, 
and  clear  enunciation.  He  should  have  a  good  general  knowledge  of  the 
English  language.    Women  are  sometimes  employed. 

Schooling :   Common  school ;  preferably  high  school. 
CUTTER,  FLAT  MACHINE  CENSUS 

Description:  The  flat  machine  cutter  operates  the  machine  for  cutting  and 
trimming  the  paper  to  the  desired  size,  in  a  pressroom  and  also  in  the 
bindery. 

Qualifications:  He  must  know  the  name,  care,  and  use  of  the  principal 
parts  of  his  machine,  be  able  to  make  all  minor  repairs,  and  to  sharpen 
the  knives.  He  must  be  able  to  make  the  arithmetical  computations  ac- 
curately and  rapidly. 

Schooling:  Common  school. 


PRINTING  TRADES  33 

DESIGNER,  LITHOGRAPHIC  DIRK 

Description:  The   designer   creates    the   designs    which   are   to    be   repro 

duced  by  the  lithographic  and  photolithographic  processes. 
Qualifications:  He  must  be  able  to  draw  the  design  so  that  it  can  be  easily 

handled  and  must  have  a  knowledge  of  the  technical  requirements  of  the 

process.     He  should  have  a  knowledge  of  the  effects  of  the  different 

colors  and  be  skilled  in  free-hand  dra>ying. 
Schooling:   High  school. 

ENGRAVER,  LITHOGRAPHIC  EXILE 

Description:  The  engraver  reproduces  designs  on  stone  or  other  material 
by  use  of  engravers'  tools. 

(lualifications :  He  must  understand  the  formation  and  character  of  the  dif- 
ferent styles  of  lettering,  have  a  general  knowledge  of  the  entire  process 
of  lithography,  and  know  the  effects  of  the  various  colors  on  different 
kinds  of  paper.  He  should  have  a  general  knowledge  of  the  chemicals 
used  and  know  their  actions  on  the  stone. 

Schooling:   High  school. 

ETCHER,  COPPER  EXPEL 

Description:   The  copper  etcher  gives  a  sufficient  printing  depth  to  copper 

plates  by  the  process  of  etching. 
Qualifications:  He  must  be  able  to  prepare  the  copper  plates  for  etching, 

to  prepare  for  and  make  the  print  on  the  sensitized  metal,  to  prepare  the 

chemicals,  and  to  perform  the  process  of  etching.     It  is  desirable  that  he 

have  a  general  knowledge  of  photography. 
Schooling:  Common  school. 

ETCHER,   PHOTO-ENGRAVING  EXIT 

Description:  The  etcher  cements  the  developed  film  or  negative  to  a  glass 
plate  after  it  has  been  stripped  from  the  original  plate,  prepares  the  metal 
plate  and  gives  it  an  acid  bath  to  complete  the  process  of  etching. 

Qualifications:  He  must  have  a  thorough  knowledge  of  the  preparation  of 
metal  plates  for  etching;  of  the  preparation  for  and  the  making  of  the 
print  on  the  sensitized  metal  surface ;  of  the  preparation  of  the  chemicals 
for  etching;  of  the  process  of  etching;  and  have  a  general  knowledge  of 
photography. 

Schooling:  High  school,  special  courses  in  free-hand  drawing,  and  a  knowl- 
edge of  chemistry. 

ETCHER,  ZINC  EXTRA 

Description:  The  zinc  etcher  prepares  the  plate,  furnished  to  him  by  the 
stripper  and  printer,  with  an  acid-resisting  powder  and  then  etches  it 
with  a  bath  of  diluted  nitric  acid. 
Qualifications:  He  must  have  a  thorough  knowledge  of  the  preparation  of 
.  the  zinc  plates  for  etching ;  of  the  preparation  for  and  the  making  of  the 
print  on  the  sensitized  metal  surface :  of  the  preparation  of  the  chemicals 
for  etching ;  of  the  process  of  etching :  and  have  a  general  knowledge  of 
photography.    He  should  be  able  to  operate  an  etching  machine. 
Schooling:  High  school;  special  courses  in  free-hand  drawing. 


34  PRINTING  TRADES 

FINISHER,  BOOK  FRAME 

Description:  The  book  finisher  smooths  out  uuy  irregularities  iu  the  bind- 
ing and  places  the  design  and  title  on  the  book  cover  by  hand  or  power 
presses,  using  dies  for  that  purpose. 
Qualifications:  He  must  know  how  to  prepare  the  size  for  different  kinds 
of  leather,  must  know  the  principles  of  design  and  color  harmony,  draw- 
ing, sketching,  and  ink  mixing;  and  have  a  general  knowledge  of  all  of 
the  processes  of  bookmaking.  He  must  be  able  to  "  tool  in  "  fine  leather- 
covered  books  and  be  able  to  operate  the  stamping  press  and  polisher. 
He  must  know  how  to  apply  gold  leaf  and  how  to  handle  the  special  hand 
tools. 
Schooling:  High  school. 

FINISHER,  ELECTROTYPING  FUR 

Description:  The  finisher  locates  the  letters  in  the  plates  that  are  too  low, 

replaces  them  with  new  letters,  and  corrects  imperfections, 
Qualifications:  He  should  have  a  thorough  knowledge  of  molding  and  of 
the  whole  manufacture  of  the  copper  shell.  He  must  be  able  to  use  the 
hammer  and  punch  for  the  purpose  of  removing  imperfections.  He 
should  have  some  knowledge  of  engraving  and  be  able  to  trim  letters  out 
and  insert  new  ones.  He  must  understand  proof  readers'  marks  and 
be  able  to  do  routing  and  blocking. 
Schooling:  Common  school;  preferably  high  school. 

FINISHER,  ENGRAVING  FRANK 

Description:  The  finisher  levels  up  the  engraving,  cutting  away  by  hand 
such  portions  as  the  router  can  not  reach  with  his  machine,  corrects  small 
defects  in  the  finished  half  tone  or  etching,  and  outlines  the  plates  for 
the  router  to  cut  by. 
Qualifications:  He  should  have  a  thorough  knowledge  of  hand  engraving 
on  copper  and  zinc,  be  able  to  do  burnishing,  and  know  the  best  methods 
of  correcting  defects  in  half  tones  and  zinc  etchings.  He  should  know 
the  principles  of  design  and  have  dexterity  in  handling  engravers'  tools. 
He  should  have  good  eyesight. 
Schooling :  Common  school ;  special  courses  in  free-hand  drawing. 

FOLDER,  HAND,  BOOK  FRISK 

Description:  The  hand  folder  folds  the  printed  sheets  so  that  the  pages 

will  be  in  consecutive  order  and  in  such  manner  that  the  printing  will 

register. 
Qualifications :   She  must  exercise  care  to  see  that  the  margins  of  the  differ 

ent  leaves  are  equal  and  that  the  lines  of  printing  are  at  correct  angles 

to  the  back  of  the  book.    Women  are  usually  employed. 
Schooling:  Common  school. 

FOLDING- MACHINE  FEEDER  FROCK 

Description:  The  folding-machine  feeder  feeds  the  printed  sheets  into  the 

folding  machine,  where  they  are  folded  into  sections. 
Qualifications:  She  must  be  able  to  feed  the  sheets  into  the  machine  evenly 

and  rapidly.    She  must  have  good  eyesight.    Women  are  usually  employed. 
Schooling:  Common  school. 


PRINTING  TRADES  35 

FOLDING-MACHINE  OPERATOR  FROTH 

Description:  The  folding-machine  operator  operates  the  folding  machinery 

used  in  the  bindery. 

Qualifications :  He  must  know  how  to  operate  and  set  for  the  different  sized 
sheets  and  how  to  control  the  feeds  and  speeds  and  be  able  to  oil  the 
machine.     He  should  have  a  knowledge  of  imposition. 

Schooling:  Common  school.  . 

FOREMAN,  BOOKBINDER  FRY 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  foreman  bookbinder  are  the  supervision  of 
the  making  up,  sewing,  stitching,  and  binding,  or  covering  of  pamphlets 
and  books  of  all  kinds. 

Qualifications:  He  must  be  an  experienced  general  bookbinder,  skilled  in 
all  phases  of  commercial  or  manufacturing  bookbinding  and  able  to  fold, 
assemble,  machine  wire  stitch  or  sew,  lace  with  cord  or  tape,  line  up, 
glue  on  backs,  and  cover  with  paper,  cloth,  or  leather.  He  must  be  able 
to  bind  and  cover  pamphlets,  books,  and  charts  with  board  or  flexible 
backs ;  also  documents  for  temporary  use  or  more  substantially  for  ofiice 
or  field  use,  made  up  with  hollow,  flexible,  or  stiff  backs.  He  must  be 
familiar  with  the  machinery  of  the  trade,  such  as  folding  machinery, 
backers,  cutting  machines,  wire  stitchers,  perforating  and  punching 
machinery,  sewing  frames,  presses,  glue  pots,  and  the  various  hand  tools. 
He  should  have  a  knowledge  of  title  embossing,  tooling,  and  of  all  ma- 
terials used  in  bookbinding. 

Schooling:   Common  school;  preferably  technical  high  school. 

FOREMAN,  ELECTROTYPING  FAD 

Description:  The    foreman    electrotyi)er    has    supervision    of    the    entire 

process  of  electrotype  making. 
Qualifications :   He  must  have  a  working  knowledge  of  all  of  the  operations 

in  the  shop  and  be  able  to  operate  the  dynamo,  do  finishing,  molding,  and 

casting.     He  should  have  ability  to  handle  men. 
Schooling:   Preferably  technical  high  school. 

FOREMAN,  ENGRAVING  FUEL 

Description:  The  foreman  engraver  has  general  oversight  of  all  engrav- 
ing operations. 
Qualifications :  He  must  have  a  thorough  knowledge  of  the  photo-engraving 
processes,  of  color  and  tone  values,  and  of  the  chemicals  used  in  photo- 
engraving. He  should  have  good  eyesight  and  should  have  ability  to 
handle  men. 
Schooling:   High  school. 

FOREMAN,  MACHINE  COMPOSITION  FULL 

Description:  The  foreman  of  machine  composition-has  the  general  oversight 

of  the  monotype  and  linotype  machine  room. 
Qualifications:  He  must  have  a  knowledge  of  type  composition,  of  type 
faces,  and  of  the  metals  used  in  machine  composition.  He  must  know  the 
name,  care,  and  use  of  the  principal  parts  of  the  machines  and  be  able  to 
make  all  minor  adjustments  and  repairs.  He  must  be  able  to  direct  the 
work  of  operators  and  repair  men. 
Schooling:   Common  school;  preferably  high  school. 


36  PRINTING  TRADES 

FOREMAN,  PRESS  ROOM  EUME 

Description:  The  foreman  of  a  press  room  has  the  general  overseeing  of  all 
work  done  in  the  press  room.    He  is  also  responsible  for  the  color  match- 
ing, make-ready,  stock,  etc. 
Qualifications:   He  must  have  executive  ability,  have  a  thorough  knowl- 
edge of  mechanics  and  of  the  operation  of  all  makes  of  flat-bed  and  rotary 
I       presses  and  automatic  feeders  used  in  general  printing.     He  must  have 
an   accurate   color   sense,    skill   in   judging  work,   and   have   a   working 
knowledge  of  printing  inks  and  paper.     He  should  have  a  knowledge  of 
imposition  and  registering. 
Schooling:   Preferably  high  school. 

FORWARDER,  BOOK  FUND 

Description:  The  forwarder  pastes  on  the  first  and  last  pages  inside  the 
book  cover,  trims  the  edges  of  the  book  with  a  cutting  machine,  rounds 
the  back,  and  pastes  on  the  cover. 

Qualifications:  He  must  know  how  to  adjust  and  use  the  paper-cutting 
machine,  how  to  handle  the  hammer  in  rounding  and  backing,  and  how 
to  operate  the  roller  backing  machine.  He  must  know  the  proper  method 
of  lining  up,  putting  in  head  bands,  and  putting  on  the  cover.  He  should 
have  a  knowledge  of  the  composition  of  pastes  and  glues  and  of  the 
qualities  of  book  papers  and  cloths.  He  must  have  dexterity  in  handling 
the  special  tools,  in  operating  the  machines,  and  in  pasting  and  gluing. 

Schooling:  Common  school. 
GATHERER,  BOOK  GNASH 

Description:  The  gatherer  collects  the  folded  sections  in  regular  order  until 
the  book  is  completed. 

Qualifications:  She  must  be  a  rapid  worker  with  good  eyesight,  care  being 
necessary  to  gather  the  sections  in  the  proper  order.  Women  are  em- 
ployed. 

Schooling:   Common  school. 
GENERAL  WORKER,  BINDERY  GNAT 

Description:  The  general  worker  in  a  bindery  does  such  work  as  gilding, 
padding,  tipping,  operating  the  numbering,  perforating,  punching,  and 
stapling  machines,  etc. 

Qualifications:  He  must  be  a  quick  and  active  worker  and  have  skill  in 
handling  sheets  and  signatures  rapidly. 

Schooling:  Common  school. 

Note.— K  a  worker  is  desired  who  can  operate  a  particular  type  of  machine,  the 
name  of  the  machine  should  be  added  to  the  code  word  for  "general  worker, 
bindery." 
IMPOSER.      (See  Stoneman.) 
LINOTYPE  OPERATOR  LINER 

Description:  The  linotype  operator  sets  body-type  matter  and  small  dis- 
play lines,  places  the  cast  slugs  on  the  galley,  and  makes  corrections  by 
resetting  the  lines  containing  errors. 

Qualifications:  He  must  be  able  to  keep  the  machine  adjusted  properly  and 
to  make  minor  repairs.  He  should  be  a  quick  thinker  and  be  able  to 
operate  the  keyboard  with  speed  and  accuracy.  He  must  be  able  to  con- 
centrate his  mind  on  the  copy  and  still  carry  the  measurements  of  the 
line  he  is  setting  so  as  to  obtain  correct  spacing.  He  should  have  a 
thorough  knowledge  of  spelling,  punctuation,  division  of  words,  and  para- 
graphing.   He  should  have  good  eyesight. 

Schooling:   Common  school. 


PRINTING  TRADES  37 

MACHINIST,  LINOTYPE  AND  MONOTYPE  MOP 

Description:  The  linotype  and  monotype  machinist  keeps  all  machines  in 
good  running  order  and  makes  all  necessary  repairs  and  adjustments. 

Qualifications:  He  must  be  an  experienced  machine  fitter,  able  to  remove 
and  replace  any  part  of  the  machine,  and  must  be  thoroughly  familiar 
with  the  operation  and  mechanics  of  a  linotype  and  monotype  machine. 
He  should  have  had  an  equivalent  to  an  apprenticeship. 

Schooling:   Common  school;  preferably  technical  or  trade  school. 

MAKER-TIP  MOPE 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  maker-up  are  to  make  up  the  pages  to  the 
proper  length,  inserting  cuts,  folios,  and  chapter  and  running  heads. 

Qualifications:  He  must  be  quick  in  handling  type  and  be  familiar  with 
composition,  type  faces  and  sizes,  and  should  have  some  knowledge  of 
presswork,  electrotyping,  and  stereotyping. 

Schooling:  Common  school, 

MARBLER  MOTH 

Description:  The  marbler  decorates  the  edges  or  covers  of  books  by  dip- 
ping them  into  a  solution  which  has  been  prepared  by  mixing  different 
colored  liquids  into  a  marbled  effect. 
Qualifications :  He  must  have  a  thorough  knowledge  of  the  proper  amounts 
of  hog  gum  and  gum  tragacanth  to  use.  He  must  know  how  to  thin  his 
colors  properly.  He  should  know  how  to  develop,  create,  and  copy  de- 
signs. 
Schooling:   Common  school. 

MOLDER,  ELECTROTYPING  MOTOR 

Description:  The  molder  prepares  the  form  and  case,  coating  them  with 
plumbago  and  pouring  on  the  wax  or  mixture  of  wax  and  ozocerite. 

Qualifications:  He  must  be  able  to  mix  and  prepare  the  wax  and  ozocerite 
and  know  the  proper  temperature  at  which  to  maintain  the  wax.  He 
must  be  able  to  cut  down  the  mold  and  build  up  the  mold  after  it  has  been 
cut  down.  He  should  understand  the  mechanism  of  the  hydraulic  press 
and  be  able  to  judge  the  proper  depth  of  the  mold. 

Schooling:   Common  school. 

MONOTYPE  OPERATOR  MOSS 

Description:  The  monotype  operator  manipulates  the  keyboard  of  a  mono- 
type machine  for  the  purpose  of  making  the  perforated  sheet  that  con- 
trols the  type-casting  machine. 

Qualifications:  He  should  have  a  knowledge  of  spelling,  punctuation,  the 
division  of  words,  and  paragraphing.  He  should  have  an  accurate 
knowledge  of  the  spacing  principles  under  which  the  machine  fills  a  line 
with  type.  He  should  be  able  to  make  all  necessary  adjustments  in  put- 
ting in  and  taking  out  the  perforated  paper. 

Schooling :  High  school  or  its  equivalent. 

OPERATOR,  ENGRAVING.     {See  Photographer,  engraving.) 


38  PRINTING  TRADES 

PHOTOGRAPHER,  ENGRAVING  PROXY 

Description:  The  photographer  takes  pictures,  by  the  aid  of  a  special  cam- 
era, of  all  engraving  subjects,  for  both  zinc  and  copper  etching. 

Qualifications:  He  must  have  a  thorough  knowledge  of  photography  and 
be  able  to  do  developing,  intensifying,  and  fixing  negatives.  He  must 
be  able  to  mix  the  chemicals  used  in  developing  the  negatives;  be  able 
to  take  the  proper  care  of  cameras,  lenses,  and  halftone  screens;  and 
should  have  a  knowledge  of  chemistry. 

Schooling:  High  school 

PHOTOLITHOGRAPHER  PRUNE 

Description:  The  photolithographer  reproduces  the  designs  on  the  stones 

or  plates  by  the  photographic  process. 
Qualifications:  He  must  be  able  to  do  photoprinting  and  be  familiar  with 
wet  plate  methods.    He  must  be  an  expert  in  both  line  and  halftone 
negatives  besides  positives  and  enlargements.     He  should  be  familiar 
with  the  chemical  formulas,  etc.,  necessary  to  get  the  proper  results. 
Schooling:   High  school. 

PLATE  GRAINER  PRY 

Description:  The  grainer  grains  or  polishes  the  stone  or  plate  to  the  re- 
quired depth  and  sharpness  indicated  by  the  pressman  or  artist. 

Qualifications:  He  must  be  able  to  remove  the  old  work  from  plates 
which  have  been  run  and  to  regrain  them.  He  must  be  able  to  use  the 
grainers'  tools. 

Schooling:   Common  school. 

PLATE  PRINTER  PUFF 

Description:  The  plate  printer  makes  ready  the  engraved  plate  and  prints 

the  engraving  on  cards  or  paper. 
Qualifications:  He  must  be  able  to  make  ready  forms  quickly  and  accu- 
rately, must  understand  the  operation  of  the  plate  printing  press,  and  be 
able  to  regulate  the  amount  of  pressure  and  ink  required.  He  must  be 
careful  and  accurate  and  be  able  to  handle  all  materials  without  smear- 
ing. 
Schooling:  Common  school. 

PRESS  FEEDER,  CYLINDER  PUFFY 

Description:  The  cylinder  press  feeder  feeds  the  paper  into  the  press, 
assists  the  pressman  to  make  ready,  puts  on  tympans,  adjusts  rollers, 
and  puts  on  lifts. 
Qualifications:  He  must  have  a  general  knowledge  of  cylinder  presses  and 
automatic  feeders.  He  must  have  ability  to  feed  steadily  and  to  a  cor- 
rect register.  He  must  be  able  to  oil  and  clean  the  press  and  make  all 
minor  adjustments. 
Schooling:   Common  school. 

PRESS  FEEDER,  EITHER  PLATEN  OR  CYLINDER  PULL 

Description:  The  press  feeder  feeds  the  sheets  of  paper  into  the  press. 

Qualifications:  He  m^st  be  a  careful  worker  and  be  able  to  feed  the 
sheets  into  the  press  (either  platen  or  cylinder)  so  that  they  will  all 
register  uniformly  perfect  in  any  number  of  colors.  He  must  be  able 
to  clean  and  oil  the  press  and  make  all  minor  adjustments. 

Schooling:  Common  school. 


PRINTING  TRADES  39 

PRESS  FEEDER,  LITHOGRAPHIC  PUNY 

Description:  The  lithographic  press  feeder  feeds  the  sheets  into  the  litho- 
graphic press  and  assists  the  pressman. 

Qualifications:  He  must  have  ability  to  feed  steadily  and  correctly.  He 
must  be  able  to  oil  and  clean  the  press  and  make  all  minor  adjustments. 

Schooling:  Common  school. 

PRESS  FEEDER,  PLATEN  '         PACKER 

Description:  The  platen  press  feeder  feeds  the  paper  into  the  presses,  jogs 

the  stock,  and  generally  assists  the  pressman, 
ftnalifications :  He  must  have  a  general  knowledge  of  mechanics  and  of 
the  operation  of  platen  presses.    He  must  have  skill  in  feeding  and  jog- 
ging the  sheets.    He  should  be  able  to  oil  and  clean  the  press  and  make 
all  minor  adjustments.    Men  and  women  are  employed. 
Schooling:   Common  school. 

PRESSMAN,  CYLINDER  PADDLE 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  cylinder  pressman  are  to  take  charge  of 
one  or  more  cylinder  presses,  the  making  ready  of  forms,  matching 
colors,  and  the  proper  mixing  and  distribution  of  ink. 
Qualifications :  He  must  be  able  to  make  ready  all  kinds  of  forms  for  black 
or  colors  from  type  forms,  electrotypes,  or  stereotypes.  He  must  be  able 
to  mix  colors  and  must  have  a  fine  color  sense.  He  must  be  able  to  handle 
the  paper  so  as  to  avoid  soiling  and  tearing.  He  must  have  a  thorough 
knowledge  of  the  operation  of  automatic  printing  machinery,  know  the 
name,  care,  and  use  of  the  principal  parts,  and  be  able  to  make  all  minor 
repairs  or  adjustments.  He  must  have  executive  ability  and  be  physi- 
cally fit. 
Schooling:   Common  school. 

PRESSMAN,  LITHOGRAPHIC  PALACE 

Description:  The  duties  of  the  pressman  on  a  lithographic  press  are  to 
print  from  the  plate  as  it  comes  from  the  transferrer  and  match  the 
proof  copy  as  closely  as  possible. 
Qualifications:  He  must  have  a  knowledge  of  the  color  scale  and  be  able 
to  hold  an  edition  uniform  throughout,  avoiding  thickening  up  or  going 
light,  and  be  able  to  mix  his  colors  to  such  a  consistency  that  they  will  not 
offset  when  handling.  He  must  have  sufiicient  chemical  knowledge  to 
mix  his  colors  in  multicolor  work  in  such  manner  as  to  have  them  all 
dry  and  yet  have  the  lifting  quality  necessary  for  each  printing  as  it 
follows.  He  must  be  able  to  differentiate  between  a  transfer  plate  and  a 
direct  press  plate  by  the  use  of  acid  and  ink.  He  must  be  able  to  keep 
the  rollers  in  good  condition  and  to  make  all  adjustments  to  the  press. 
Schooling:  High  school. 

PRESSMAN,  PLATEN  PALM 

Description:  The    pressman    on   a    platen    printing   press   operates   such 

presses  on  general  printing  work. 
Qualifications:   He  must  be  experienced  in  the  operation  of  the  various  job 
printing  presses  and  be  able  to  print  any  class  of  work.    He  should  have 
some  knowledge  of  register,  imposition,  paper,  and  make  ready. 
Schooling:  Common  school;  preferably  high  school. 


40  PRINTING  TRADES 

PRESSMAN,  ROTARY  LITHOGRAPHIC  PALING 

Description:  The  pressman  on  a  lithographic  press  does  general  printing, 
both  black  and  in  colors. 

Qualifications :  He  must  be  able  to  operate  the  various  types  of  lithographic 
presses  and  be  able  to  keep  them  in  good  running  order.  He  must  be 
able  to  handle  all  kinds  of  lithographic  plates,  and  be  able  to  set  up  and 
adjust,  so  as  to  insure  an  accurate  register.  He  must  be  able  to  mix 
inks  for  the  desired  color  effects  and  must  understand  the  handling  of 
paper  and  the  care  of  plates. 

Schooling:  High  school. 

PRESSMAN,  WEB'  PALLOR 

Description:   The  duties  of  the  web  pressman  are  to  register  and  make 

ready  curved  plates  on  presses,  adjust  the  presses,  set  ink  fountains,  and 

adjust  the  paper  rolls. 
Qualifications:  He  must  have  a  knowledge  of  the  mechanics  and  operation 

of  web  presses,  and  must  know  how  to  register  and  make  ready  in  one 

or  more  colors. 
Schooling:  Common  school. 

PRESSMAN,  WEB,  ASSISTANT  PALTRY 

Description:  The  assistant  web   pressman   aids   the  pressman   in   oiling 

presses,  adjusting  and  washing  rollers,  putting  on  the  paper  rolls,  and 

putting  on  the  curved  plates. 
Qualifications:  He  mmst  have  physical  strength  and  a  general  knowledge 

of  web  presses  and  their  operation. 
Schooling:   Common  school. 

PRINTER,  GENERAL  PAMPER 

Description:  The  general  printer  does  job  and  commercial  printing,  in- 
cluding hand  composition  and  press  work. 
Qualifications:  He  must  be  an  all-round  compositor,  able  to  do  hand  com- 
position, to  make  up  standard  forms,  and  do  job  and  commercial  print- 
ing of  any  kind.  He  must  be  able  to  set  up  and  print  special  forms, 
blanks,  and  reports,  such  as  would  be  required  for  a  large  factory. 
Schooling:   Common  school;  preferably  high  school. 

PROOFER,  LITHOGRAPHIC  POKER 

Description:  The  proofer  tests  the  correctness  of  the  drawings  on  the 
stone  or  plate  by  pulling  a  proof  in  the  colors  in  which  they  are  to  be 
printed. 

Qualifications:  He  must  be  an  expert  color  mixer  and  have  a  good  general 
knowledge  of  all  lithographic  processes. 

Schooling:  High  school. 

PROOFER,  PHOTO-ENGRAVING  PONE 

Description:  The  proofer  makes  proofs  of  all  engravings  before  delivery 

or  printing. 
Qualifications:  He  should  be  able  to  operate  a  hand  proof  press,  do  make- 
ready,  and  provide  for  the  proper  registry  of  different  colors.    He  should 
be  able  to  mix  and  match  colors  and  should  have  a  general  knowledge  of 
the  printing  effect  of  ink  on  the  various  paper  finishes. 
Schooling:  Common  school. 


PRINTING  TRADES  41 

PEOOF  READER  PAGE 

Description:  The  proof  reader  compares  the  proof  with  the  original  copy 
for  the  purpose  of  marking  all  inaccuracies,  either  typographical  or  me- 
chanical, on  the  proof  sheet. 
Qualifications:  He  should  be  unusually  well  versed  in  grammar,  spelling, 
punctuation,  capitalization,  usage,  and  other  essentials  of  a  thorough 
knowledge  of  English,  and  must  understand  the  use  of  the  proof-readers' 
marks.  Besides  having  a  general  knowledge  of  the  various  processes 
used  in  printing,  he  should  be  informed  in  respect  to  the  operations  in 
the  various  printing  departments.  An  elementary  knowledge  of  Latin 
and  Greek  is  helpful. 
Schooling:  High  school. 

REETCHER  RIVET 

Description:  The  reetcher  gives  the  proper  values  to  different  tones  in 
halftone  plates  by  the  process  of  etching  with  a  solution  of  iron  chloride, 
ftnalifications :  He  must  have  a  thorough  knowledge  of  the  preparation  of 
the  copper  plates  for  etching;  of  the  preparation  for  and  the  making  of 
the  print  on  the  sensitized  metal  surface ;  of  the  preparation  of  the  chemi- 
cals for  etching ;  and  of  the  process  of  etching.  It  is  desirable  that  he  be 
an  expert  in  color  and  in  color  values,  and  that  he  have  a  general  knowl- 
edge of  photography.  He  should  be  able  to  operate  an  etching  machine. 
Schooling^:  High  school;  special  courses  in  freehand  drawing. 

REPAIRMAN,  LINOTYPE   AND   MONOTYPE.     (See   Machinist,  linotype   and 
monotype.) 

REVISER.     (See  Proof  reader.) 

ROUTER  AND  BLOCKER,  PH0T0-EN6RAVINQ  REEF 

Description:  The  router  and  blocker  operates  the  routing  machine  for  the 
purpose  of  cutting  away,  or  routing  out,  certain  portions  of  the  face  of 
an  etching  so  as  to  leave  the  portions  ready  for  printing.  He  also  does 
mortising  and  beveling  of  plates  and  mounting  of  the  finished  plates  on 
the  blocks. 
Qualifications:  He  must  know  how  to  manipulate  the  router,  be  skillful  in 
cutting  to  outline,  must  know  what  parts  of  the  plate  to  remove,  and 
should  be  able  to  sharpen  and  set  all  routing  tools  and  make  all  ad- 
justments for  sizing,  beveling,  and  mortising  plates.  He  should  be  able 
to  do  hand  engraving. 
Schooling:   Common  school;  special  courses  in  freehand  drawing. 

RULER  REEK 

Description:  The  ruler  operates  a  ruling  machine,  ruling  ink  lines  on  all 

kinds  of  book  and  bookkeeping  forms, 
dualifications :  He  must  be  able  to  feed  the  sheets  of  paper  evenly  so  that 
the  lines  will  be  made  correctly,  and  he  must  be  able  to  make  all  ad- 
justments of  the  ruling  devices  on  the  machine.  He  should  have  a  gen- 
eral knowledge  of  the  different  commercial  forms  and  have  good  eyesight. 
He  should  know  the  different  kinds  of  ruling  powders  and  know  how  to 
prepare  them  for  use. 
Schooling:  Common  school. 


42  PRINTING  TRADES 

SEWER,  BOOK  STILT 

Description:  The  machine  book  sewer  in  a  bindery  feeds  the  sections  of  the 
book  into  the  machine  for  sewing.  The  hand  sewer  performs  the  same 
work  by  hand. 

Qualifications:  She  must  be  able  to  operate  the  machine  and  make  all 
minor  adjustments.  She  should  be  able  to  tell  when  the  machine  is  not 
working  properly.  She  must  be  quick  and  active.  Women  are  usually 
employed. 

Schooling:   Common  school. 

STEREOTYPER  STING 

Description:  The  stereotyper  makes  stereotype  plates  by  preparing  the 
matrix — ^beating  the  prepared  sheet  into  the  form  with  a  stiff  brush  or 
forcing  the  material  into  the  form  by  means  of  a  power  roller,  drying  it 
in  the  drying  press,  and  trimming  the  edges — and  pouring  on  the  molten 
metal; 
Qualifications :  He  must  understand  the  preparation  of  mats,  how  to  "  beat 
in  "  in  forming  matrices,  the  proper  length  of  time  to  "  cook,"  proper  tem- 
perature of  the  type  metal  for  casting,  and  how  to  prepare  the  matrix 
and  casting  box  for  casting.  He  must  have  skill  in  handling  the  "  beat- 
ing-in "  brush  and  in  handling  and  pouring  hot  metal.  He  must  be 
physically  fit  and  able  to  work  in  very  high  temperatures. 
Schooling:  Common  school. 

STITCHER,  WIRE  STINT 

Description:  The  wire  stitcher  operates  tlie  stitching  machine,  feeding  in 
the  pamphlets  or  books  to  be  stitched. 

Qualifications:  He  should  be  able  to  feed  the  pamphlets  or  books  into  the 
machine  rapidly  and  accurately,  to  determine  when  the  machine  is  work- 
ing properly,  and  to  make  all  minor  adjustments,  such  as  setting  the 
machine  for  different  sized  wires. 

Schooling:  Common  school. 

STONEMAN  STIR 

Description:    The  stoneman   places   the  pages   of  type  in  a   steel   frame, 

known  as  a  "chase,"  and  fastens  them  into  place  with  furniture  and 

quoins.     Before  locking  the  form  he  evens  it  down  with  a  mallet  and 

planer. 

Qualifications:  He -should  be  able  to  impose  forms  so  as  to  get  a  perfect 

register  when  the  printed  page  is  folded,  understand  how  and  where  to 

place  the  type  in  the  chase,  and  what  size  and  quantity  of  furniture  is 

needed.    In  book  work  he  must  know  where  gripper  edges,  binder  edges, 

and  margins  come.    Where  the  job  to  be  printed  contains  a  number  of 

pages  he  must  be  able  to  arrange  the  pages  in  the  chase  so  that  when 

printed  they  will  fold  in  consecutive  order  and  so  that  one  page  will 

print  exactly  on  the  back  of  the  next  page,  or  in  other  words,  be  "in 

register."    A  knowledge  of  composition  is  essential. 

Schooling:  Common  school. 


PRINTING  TRADES  43 

STRIPPER  AND  PRINTER,  PHOTO-ENGRAVING  STOKE 

Description:  The  stripper  and  printer  strips  the  films  from  the  wet  plate 
negatives,  after  they  have  heen  developed,  for  the  purpose  of  making  com- 
bination plates,  cementing  the  developed  film  or  negative  to  a  glass  plate 
after  it  has  been  stripped  from  the  original  plate. 
Qualifications :  He  should  have  a  knowledge  of  photography  and  chemistry 
as  applied  to  photo-engraving  and  be  able  to  strip  the  film  from  the 
plate  without  injury.  He  must  have  good  eyesight. 
Schooling:   Common  school. 

TRANSFERRER  TURN 

Description:  The  transferrer  makes  duplicates  of  an  original  plate. 
Qualifications:  He  must  be  able  to  make  the  duplicates  uniform  and  of 
such  a  nature  as  to  hold  in  a  prolonged  run  on  the  press.  He  must  be 
able  to  make  the  solutions  used  and  to  coat  his  transfer  paper  before 
using.  He  must  be  able  to  make  offsets,  set-ins  on  plate,  reverse  trans- 
fers, and  to  mix  his  own  etching  solutions. 
Schooling:  High  school. 

TRIMMER,  BOOK  TTTSK 

Description:  The  book  trimmer  trims  the  edges  of  catalogues,  books,  etc. 

Qualifications:  He  must  be  a  careful  worker,  seeing  that  the  book  is  in- 
serted into  the  press  evenly  so  that  it  may  be  cut  smoothly.  He  must 
have  a  thorough  knowledge  of  the  operation  of  the  standard  makes  of 
cutting  machines  and  have  a  general  knowledge  of  the  various  processes 
of  binding.  He  should  be  able  to  oil  the  parts  of  his  machine,  be  able  to 
adjust  and  grind  the  cutting  knives,  and  understand  the  use  of  the  gauge. 

Schooling:  Common  school. 


RUBBER  GOODS 

BEAD  PBESSEB  BEAD 

Description :  The  bead  presser  places  the  beads  into  the  molds  and  cures  them 

in  the  presses. 
Qualifications :  He  must  be  able  to  operate  a  hydraulic  press  used  in  curing  the 

beads  and  must  know  how  long  it  takes  to  cure  them.    This  work  requires  care 

in  placing  the  beads  into  the  molds  properly. 

BEAD   SPLICER  BEAK 

Description :  The  bead  splicer  takes  strips  of  beads,  places  the  ends  together,  and 

wraps  them  with  a  rubberized  tape. 
Qualifications:  This  is  light  work  and  women  are  employed.    They  must  be 

quick  and  active. 

BEAD-WRAPPING  MACHINE   OPERATOR  BEAT 

Description:  The  bead-wrapping  machine  operator  has  charge  of  the  entire  bead- 
wrapping  operation. 

Qualifications :  He  must  be  able  to  operate  the  wrapping  machine  and  supervise 
the  work  of  helpers.    He  must  know  when  a  machine  is  not  working  properly. 

BIAS-CUTTING  MACHINE   OPERATOR  BEEF 

Description :  The  bias-cutting  machine  operator,  with  the  aid  of  his  helper,  places 
heavy  rolls  of  rubberized  fabric  into  the  machine  and  operates  the  machine 
for  cutting  the  fabric  into  proper  widths  and  lengths. 

Qualifications :  He  must  be  able  to  set  the  knives  and  must  be  able  to  make  and 
maintain  all  machine  adjustments.    This  work  is  not  heavy. 

BOOT  AND  LUMBERMAN  MAKER  BLISS 

Description:  The  boot  and  lumberman  maker  assembles  the  stock  and  makes  the 

finished  article  on  which  he  is  working. 
Qualifications :  This  work  is  done  by  hand  and  requires  an  experienced  man. 

He  must  be  familiar  with  the  various  styles  of  rubber  footwear,  know  how  to 

assemble  the  stock  on  lasts,  and  how  to  finish  the  article. 
Schooling:  Common  school. 

CALENDER  HAND,  RUBBER  GOODS  CANDOR 

Description :  The  calender  operator  is  charged  with  the  efficient  operation  of  the 
calender  machine,  which  rubberizes  the  fabric  for  tires,  tubes,  footwear,  coats, 
etc. 

Qualifications:  He  should  have  a  thorough  knowledge  of  the  calender  machine 
and  must  be  able  to  make  all  machine  adjustments  and  minor  repairs.  He 
must  exercise  care  to  see  that  the  rubber  ia  evenly  distributed  over  the  cloth. 
He  must  have  ability  to  handle  a  small  group  of  helpers.  He  should  have  had 
experience  as  a  helper  and  considerable  experience  as  an  independent  worker. 

CLOTH  WRAPPER,  TUBE  CANTER 

Description:  The  cloth  wrapper  places  the  poles  into  position  on  the  machine. 

As  the  poles  come  from  the  straight  jacketers  he  wraps  them  with  a  narrow 

strip  of  cloth  before  they  are  placed  in  the  heaters  for  curing. 
Qualifications:  He  must  be  able  to  run  the  machinery  used  in  wrapping  the 

cloth  around  the  poles  and  must  see  that  the  cloth  is  evenly  wrapped.    This  is 

wet  work  and  men  are  required  to  lift  the  iron  poles. 

44 


RUBBER  GOODS  45 

COAT  MAKER,  RUBBER  CARPET 

Description:  The  coat  maker  makes  coats,  aprons,  covers,  ponchos,  slickers,  etc., 
out  of  rubber  or  rubberized  cloth. 

Qualifications :  He  must  be  skillful  in  the  use  of  the  cutting  tools  required  and 
be  able  to  cut  the  fabric  according  to  pattern  and  with  the  least  waste  of  mate- 
rial.   He  must  be  able  to  cement  the  parts  together  evenly. 

Schooling :  Common  school. 

CONVEYOR  OPERATOR  CANVAS 

Description:  The  conveyor  operator  runs  the  conveyor  belts  in  the  pressroom 

for  carrying  tires  to  and  from  th0  hydraulic  presses. 
Qualifications :  He  must  know  how  to  operate  the  various  devices  on  his  machine 

and  must  know  when  his  machine  is  not  working  properly.    He  must  be  quick 

and  alert  and  know  which  set  of  belts  to  keep  running. 

CORD  POCKET  BUILDER  CAPPER 

Description :  The  cord  pocket  builder  tears  the  fabric  to  proper  length  and  builds 

up  the  plies  on  a  drum  to  the  proper  number. 
Qualifications:  She  must  be  a  rapid  worker  and  be  able  to  use  a  cutting  knife 

or  shears.    She  must  have  good  eyesight.    Women  are  usually  employed. 

CUTTER,  RUBBER  GOODS  CARROT 

Description:  The  cutter  cuts  the  fabrics  according  to  a  given  pattern. 
Qualifications :  He  must  be  able  to  so  place  his  pattern  as  to  secure  the  maximum 
of  parts  with  the  minimum  of  waste.    He  must  have  a  steady  hand  and  have 
skill  in  the  use  of  the  cutting  tools. 
Schooling:  Common  school. 
Note. — ^In  specifying  a  cutter  the  kind  of  material  which  he  is  expected  to  cut 
should  be  added  to  the  code  word  for  "cutter." 

DUCK  DRIER  OPERATOR  DILL 

Description:  The  duck  drier  operator  runs  the  machine  which  dries  the  fabric. 
Qualifications :  He  must  be  able  to  operate  the  machine  and  to  see  that  it  works 
properly.    After  the  duck  has  been  properly  dried  he  weighs  it. 

FLAP  CURER.    {See  Flap  presser.) 

FLAP  PRESSER  FORCE 

Description:  The  flap  presser  places  the  flaps  into  the  molds,  puts  them  into 

the  hydraulic  press,  and  cures  the  flaps. 
Qualifications:  He  must  be  able  to  operate  the  hydraulic  press  and  know  how 

long  it  takes  to  cure  the  flaps.    This  work  requires  care  in  placing  the  flaps 

into  the  molds. 

FOREMAN,  ASSISTANT,  RUBBER  GOODS  FROG 

Description:  The  assistant  foreman  works  under  the  direction  of  the  foreman 
and  aids  him  in  the  operation,  maintenance,  and  efficient  working  of  a  depart- 
ment. 

Qualifications:  He  should  thoroughly  understand  all  the  materials  used,  and 
have  had  sufficient  experience  in  the  department  to  be  able  to  help  the  fore- 
man in  the  placing  of  stock  orders,  the  distribution  of  stock,  and  the  assign- 
ment of  work.  He  should  have  executive  ability  sufficient  to  handle  the 
workers  under  him. 

Schooling:  Common  school;  preferably  high  school. 
Note. — ^In  specifying  an  assistant  foreman  the  name  of  the  department  for  which 
he  is  wanted  should  be  added  to  the  code  word  for  "foreman,  assistant." 


46  RUBBER  GOODS 

FOREMAN,  RTTBBER  GOODS  FORD 

Description:  The  foreman  supervises  the  operation,  maintenance,  and  efficient 
working  of  a  department. 

Qualifications:  He  should  thoroughly  understand  all  the  materials  used,  and 
know  how  to  place  stock  orders,  distribute  the  stock  among  the  workmen, 
and  assign  the  work.  He  should  be  able  to  keep  records  of  the  materials  used 
and  the  amount  of  production.  He  should  have  executive  ability  sufficient  to 
handle  the  workers  under  him. 

Schooling:  Common  school;  preferably  high  school. 
Note. — ^In  specifying  a  foreman  the  name  of  the  department  for  which  he  is  wanted 
should  be  added  to  the  code  word  for  "foreman." 

GENERAL  WORKER,  FEMALE,  RUBBER  GOODS  GLOVE 

As  follows:  Arctic  poUy  wagger;  Beader;  Booker;  Bow  attacher;  Bow  maker;  Buckle 
maker;  Buckler;  Carton  girl;  Caser;  Cementer;  Corder;  Counter;  Coverer;  Creaser;  Cut- 
ter, ends;  Dyer;  Hand  sewer;  Lacer;  Layer  out;  Lister;  Mater;  Odd  ticket  girl; 
Packer;  Sample  girl;  Seam  pressor;  Sewer;  Stamper;  Stayer;  Stock  girl;  Strap  maker; 
Toe-lining  joiner;  Trimmer;  Utility  girl. 

Description:  The  general  worker,  female,  does  such  work  as  is  indicated  by  the 
occupational  names  shown  above  or  other  work  in  a  rubber  goods  plant  that 
does  not  require  a  long  period  of  training. 
Qualifications :  Good  health  and  average  ability. 
Note.— In  specifying  a  worker  from  this  group  use  the  code  word  for  "general 
worker,  female."    If  a  worker  is  wanted  with  experience  in  any  particular  operation 
add  the  name  of  the  occupation  to  the  code  word  (glove)  above. 

GENERAL  WORKER,  MALE,  RUBBER  GOODS  GLOW 

As  follows:  Brusher;  Buckler;  Buttoner;  Cementer;  Checker;  Cobbling-machine 
operator;  Compressor  operator;  Cord  cutter;  Cord  doubler;  Cord  maker;  Counter; 
Eyelet  maker;  Form  maker;  Foxer;  Heel  painter;  Hemmer;  Joiner;  Knee  patcher; 
Lacer;  Layer,  boot  vamps  and  forms;  Layer  out;  Loop  maker;  Marker;  Odd-piece  boy; 
Odd-ticket  boy;  Pattern-rack  boy;  Polisher;  Power  edger;  Puncher;  Riveter;  Rotary 
cutter  man;  Sewing-machine  operator;  Sorter;  Stamper  (die);  Stock  boy;  Stock  layer; 
Stock  maker;  Strap  maker;  Taker;  Trimmer;  Winder. 

Description:  The  general  worker,  male,  does  such  work  as  is  indicated  by  the 
occupational  names  shown  above  or  other  work  in  a  rubber-goods  plant  that 
requires  some  skill  but  does  not  require  a  long  period  of  training  nor  great 
strength. 
Qualifications:  Good  health  and  average  ability. 
Note. — ^In  specifying  a  worker  from  this  group  use  the  code  word  for  "general 
worker,  male."    If  a  worker  is  wanted  with  experience  in  any  particular  operation, 
add  the  name  of  the  occupation  to  the  code  word  (glow)  above. 

HEATER  TENDER  HAVOC 

Description:  The  heater  tender  operates  the  heater  in  which  the  tires  are  cured 
or  vulcanized. 

Qualifications:  He  must  be  able  to  read  steam  gauges  and  thermometers  and 
to  turn  the  steam  on  and  off  as  the  cures  require. 
HOSE  MAKER,  LARGE  HAWK 

Description:  This  hose  maker  makes  a  complete  large  rubber  hose. 

Qualifications:  He  must  be  able  to  select  the  proper  rod  or  form,  place  it  upon 
the  sheet  of  fabric,  butt  the  edges  together,  and  put  on  the  rubberized  duck  cover- 
ings and  final  outer  coat  of  rubber  evenly.  He  must  understand  the  wrapping 
of  the  finished  hose  for  the  vulcanizing  press  and  the  stripping  of  the  hose 
after  vulcanizing. 

Schooling:  Common  school. 


RUBBER  GOODS  47 

HOSE  MAKER,  SMALL  HAY 

Description:  This  hose  maker  makes  a  complete  small  rubber  hose. 
Qualifications:  He  must  be  able  to  blow  on,  cement,  roll  on,  wrap  for  vulcan- 
izing, vulcanize,  and  strip  off  the  hose. 
Schooling:  Common  school. 

INSPECTOR,  RUBBER  GOODS  IGNITE 

Description:  The  inspector  examines  the  goods  for  imperfections,  damages,  other 

defects,  and  mismatings,  noting  and  marking  all  defects. 
Qualifications :  He  must  be  familiar  with  the  stock  that  he  is  inspecting  and  be 
able  to  locate  the  defects  and  incorrect  matings  rapidly  and  accurately.    He 
should  have  had  experience  as  a  packer. 
Schooling:  Common  school. 
Note. — ^In   specifying  an  inspector,  the  name  of  the  particular  class  of  material 
that  he  is  to  inspect  should  be  added  to  the  code  word  for  "inspector." 

LABORER,  RUBBER  GOODS  LOBBY 

As  follows:  Acid  curer;  Blaster;  Blower;  Carrier;  Chute  man;  Conveyor  man;  Floor 
man;  General  utility  man;  Grinding  and  pounding  machine  operator;  Helper;  Last 
man;  Loader;  Machine  nailer;  Nailer;  Packer;  Painter,  tennis;  Picker;  Platform  man; 
Rack  man;  Scrap  baler;  Scrap  carrier;  Scrap  picker;  Stripper;  Sweeper;  Trucker; 
Vamisher;  Whitewasher;  Other  unskilled  workers. 

Description:  The  laborer  does  such  work  as  is  indicated  by  the  occupational 
names  shown  above  or  other  work  in  a  rubber  goods  plant  that  requires  strength 
but  does  not  require  skill  nor  a  long  period  of  training. 
Qualifications:  The  work  of  the  laborer  requires  strength  rather  than  skill  or 
experience.    The  necessary  experience  can  be  acquired  in  a  short  time. 
Note. — ^In  specif jdng  a  worker  from  this  group  use  the  code  word  for  "laborer." 
If  a  worker  is  desired  who  has  had  experience  in  any  particular  operation,  add  the 
name  of  the  operation  to  the  code  word  for  "laborer." 

MIXER,  RUBBER  MOUTH 

Description:  The  rubber  mixer  operates  the  mill  which  mixes  the  rubber  and 

compoimd  preparatory  to  calendering. 
Qualifications:  He  must  know  how  to  operate  the  mixing  machine  and  know 

how  long  it  takes  to  mix  the  rubber  properly.    He  must  be  strong  and  fairly 

active. 

MOLDER,  RUBBER  GOODS  MORAL 

Description:  The  molder  places  the  raw  stock  into  the  mold  and  places  the  mold 

between  the  plates  of  a  hydraulic  press. 
Qualifications:  He  must  be  able  to  tell  when  the  goods  have  been  properly 

"cured."    He  must  have  considerable  strength  and  be  able  to  endure  high 

temperatures. 
Schooling:  Common  school. 

PATTERN  MAE3:R,  RUBBER  GOODS  PULP 

Description:  The  pattern  maker  makes  the  patterns  for  boots,  gaiters,  arctics, 
lumbermen,  and  other  rubber  footwear. 

Qualifications :  He  must  have  a  technical  knowledge  of  the  processes  of  rubber- 
footwear  construction.  He  must  be  able  to  fit  all  kinds  of  stock  to  the  lasts 
and  know  how  all  kinds  of  rubber  footwear  are  made.  He  must  be  able  to 
design  patterns  for  new  styles. 

Schooling:  Common  school;  preferably  high  school. 

PIT  MAN.    {See  Press  operator,  rubber  tires.) 


48  RUBBEK  GOODS 

PNEUMATIC  TERE  FINISHER.     {See  Tire  finisher.) 

PRESS  OPERATOR,  RUBBER  TIRES  PROP 

Description:  The  press  operator  is  charged  with  the  operation  of  the  hydraulic 

press  in  which  the  tire  is  cured  or  vulcanized. 
Qualifications:  He  must  be  able  to  operate  the  hydraulic  press  and  know  how 

long  it  takes  to  cure  the  tire  properly. 

REPAIR  MAN,  TIRE  BLEMISH  RIGHT 

Description :  The  repair  man  repairs,  by  vulcanizing,  all  the  minor  defects  that 

occur  in  the  processes  of  manufacturing  a  rubber  tire. 
Qualifications :  He  must  be  a  practical  vulcanizer,  experienced  in  the  repair  of 

all  kinds  of  pneumatic,  fabric,  cord  tires,  inner  tubes,  and  solid  tires.    He 

must  be  able  to  put  on  patches,  and  must  be  thoroughly  familiar  with  the 

various  methods  of  commercial  vulcanizing. 

REROLLING  AND  TRIMMING  MACHINE  OPERATOR  RIGID 

Description:  The  rerolling  and  trimming  machine  operator  places  the  heavy 
rolls  of  rubberized  fabric  in  the  machine  and  operates  the  machine  for  trim- 
ming the  edges  of  the  stock  and  removing  the  wrinkles  in  the  fabric. 

Qualifications :  He  must  be  able  to  set  the  knives  on  his  machine  and  feed  the 
fabric  through  the  machine  evenly.  The  work  requires  a  strong  and  active 
man. 

RUBBER-BELT  MAKER  RIPEN 

Description:  The  rubber  belt  maker  cuts  the  rubberized  canvas  to  a  specified 
width,  folds  it  the  proper  number  of  times,  and  presses  it  in  a  heated  hydraulic 
vulcanizing  press. 

Qualifications:  He  must  know  the  different  styles  of  belts  and  be  familiar  with 
the  various  grades  of  stock.    He  must  be  able  to  operate  the  hydraulic  press. 

Schooling:  Common  school. 

RUBBER  WORKER,  FEMALE  RISKY 

Description:  The  worker  in  this  group  has  acquired  by  training  or  experience 

the  ability  to  carry  out  a  certain  type  of  work  in  the  rubber  industry. 
Qualifications:  She  should  have  a  knowledge  of  certain  processes  in  the  industry; 
should  be  able  to  feed,  operate,  and  adjust  the  machine  on  which  she  is  working, 
and  make  any  necessary  calculations. 
Schooling:  Common  school. 
Note. — ^In  specifying  a  worker  in  this  group  it  will  be  necessary  to  use  the  code 
word  indicating  the  particular  type  of  work  to  be  done,  as  given  in  the  following  list. 
If  the  code  word  for  "rubber  worker,  female"  is  used,  it  is  understood  that  the 
employer  will  give  the  necessary  training  for  the  particular  occupation  to  which  the 
new  worker  is  assigned. 

BINDER  BRAZE 

BUTTON  SEWER  BROKE 

CHECKER  CANOPY 

CLOSER,  FRONT  CHERRY 

CLOSER  ON  CHEESE 

EYELETER  ELAPSE 

FACER  FRONT 


BUBBER  GOODS  49 

FOLDER  PROST 

HOOKER                                >  HIDE 

LAP  SEAMER  LITHE 

LASTER  LOCAL 

OUTSOLER  OTHER 

STITCHER  STAVE 

STOCK-BOOM  GIRL  STIFF 

STRIP  CUTTER  STEM 

TOP  MAKER  TUNIS 

UPPERER  UNIFY 

VAMPER  VAMP 

VAMP  MAKER  VAPOR 

ZIGZAG  STITCHER  ZEBRA 

RUBBER  WORKER,  MALE  RIVAL 

Description:  The  worker  in  this  group  has  acquired  by  training  or  experience 

the  ability  to  carry  out  a  certain  type  of  work  in  the  rubber  industry. 
Qualifications :  He  should  have  a  knowledge  of  certain  processes  in  the  industry, 
should  be  able  to  feed,  operate,  and  adjust  the  machine  on  which  he  is  working, 
and  make  any  necessary  calculations. 
Schooling:  Coromon  school. 
Note.— In  specifying  a  worker  in  this  group  it  will  be  necessary  to  use  the  code 
word  indicating  the  particular  type  of  work  to  be  done,  as  given  in  the  following  list. 
If  the  code  word  for  "rubber  worker,  male,"  is  used,  it  is  understood  that  the  employer 
will  give  the  necessary  training  for  the  particular  occupation  to  which  the  new  man 
is  to  be  assigned. 

ARCTIC  MAKER  AMBER 


BENCH  HAND 

BUSS 

BUFFER 

BYWAY 

BUTTONHOLE  MAKER 

BULKY 

CASER  OUT 

CHATTY 

CORDER  AND  STAYER 

CHOICE 

COVERER 

CENTER 

CRACKER  MAN 

CHARGE 

FACER 

FRESH 

FEEDER,  CALENDER 

FRILL 

FEEDER,  CUTTING  AND  CREASING  MACHINE 

FROWN 

GAITER  MAKER 

GLUM 

HEATER  OPERATOR 

HAZE 

50  RUBBER  GOODS 

HEEL  CUTTER,  MACHINE  HEART 

LASTER  LOAM 

LEGGER  LIVID 

MILL  MAN  MOOSE 

OUTSOLER  OLIVE 

PATCHER  PULSE 

PLACER  PUNCH 

PRESSMAN,  FLAT  STOCK  PUMA 

ROLLER  RIGOR 

SCRAP  SORTER  STAR 

SKIVER  STATE 

STOCK  COUNTER  STILE 

STOCK  MAN  STERN 

TICKET  MAN  TUBER 

TOP  MAKER  TUNNY 

TOPPER  TROVE 

TURNER  IN  TRIPE 

UTILITY  MAN  UNTO 

VAMPER  VELLUM 

WEIGHER  WHIM 

SHOEMAKER,  RUBBER  GOODS  STAMP 

Description:  The  shoemaker  makes  complete  tennis  shoes,  rubbers,  or  other 
light  rubber  footwear  according  to  a  pattern  or  model. 

Qualifications:  He  must  be  able  to  cut,  assemble,  and  finish  light  rubber  foot- 
wear.   Women  are  usually  employed. 

Schooling:  Common  school. 

Uote. — ^In  specifying  a  shoemaker  add  the  name  of  the  type  or  types  of  footwear 
which  he  is  to  make  to  the  code  word  for  "shoemaker." 

SOLE  MAKER  STAND 

Description:  The  sole  maker  lays  out,  prepares,  and  puts  together  the  parts 

that  make  up  the  outsole. 
Qualifications:  He  must  be  able  to  assemble,  cement,  and  otherwise  lay  out  and 

prepare  the  parts  that  make  up  the  outsole. 
Schooling:  Common  school. 

SPREADER  START 

Description:  The  spreader  coats  the  cloth  fabric  with  a  rubber  compound  to 
make  it  waterproof. 

Qualifications:  He  must  know  how  to  dissolve  the  rubber  compound  in  the 
naphtha  so  as  to  obtain  a  thin,  workable  mass.  He  must  know  the  proper 
number  of  times  to  run  the  cloth  through  in  order  to  obtain  the  required 
thickness  of  rubber  coating.  He  must  have  the  judgment  that  comes  from 
sufficient  experience.  This  work  requires  a  man  who  has  physical  strength 
and  can  endure  high  temperatures. 

Schooling:  Common  school. 


RUBBER  GOODS  51 

STEEL  ENGRAVEE  STEAM 

Description:  The  steel  engraver  engraves  patterns  on  soft  steel  rolls. 

Qualifications:  He  must  be  a  good  free-hand  drawer  and  should  know  how  to 
use  the  special  tools  necessary  for  this  work.  He  must  have  keen  eyesight, 
a  steady  hand,  and  an  artistic  sense.  He  should  have  some  knowledge  of 
tool  dressing. 

Schooling:  Common  school. 

STRAIGHT  JACKETER,  TTJBE  STAGE 

Description :  The  straight  jacketer  puts  pieces  of  wet  cloth  around  the  iron  pole, 
which  has  been  previously  covered  with  sheets  of  rubber  by  the  tube  rollers. 
Qualifications :  This  work  requires  a  strong  and  rapid  worker. 

STRIPPER,  TIRE  STAID 

Description:  The  tire  stripper  removes  the  tire  from  the  metal  core  by  means 

of  a  bar. 
Qualifications:  The  work  is  very  heavy  and  requires  a  strong  man.    In  stripping 

the  tire  from  the  core  care  must  be  used  so  that  the  tire  will  not  be  cut  or 

otherwise  damaged. 

SUPERVISOR,  RUBBER  GOODS  STEP 

Description:  The  supervisor  works  under  the  general  direction  of  the  foreman 

and  is  in  charge  of  an  assigned  group  of  workers  or  in  charge  of  a  certain  process 

or  processes. 
Qualifications :  He  must  have  acquired  by  experience  or  training  the  ability  to 

superAdse  the  work  of  a  certain  process  or  processes  and  must  have  the  ability 

to  handle  a  group  of  workers. 
Schooling:  Common  school. 

Note. — ^In  specifying  a  supervisor,  add  the  name  of  the  process  or  processes  for 
which  he  is  wanted  to  the  code  word  for  "supervisor." 

TIRE  BUILDER,  AUTOMATIC  MACHINE  TRYST 

Description:  The  tire  builder  on  the  automatic  machine  places  the  metal  core 
on  the  machine  and  builds  up  the  tire  fi-om  rolls  of  rubberized  fabric. 

Qualifications :  He  must  be  able  to  operate  the  tire-building  machine  and  must 
be  quick  and  active. 

TIRE  BUILDER,  CORD  TUBE 

Description:  The  cord  tire  builder  places  the  metal  core  on  the  machine  and 
builds  up  the  tire  on  the  cord,  stretching  the  fabric  over  the  core;  he  also  puts  in 
the  bead  and  trims  off  the  overflow. 

Qualifications:  He  must  be  able  to  use  the  gauge  to  determine  whether  or  not 
the  fabric  is  on  the  core  straight;  must  be  skillful  in  the  use  of  the  knife  in 
trimming  off  the  overflow.  The  work  requires  a  strong  worker  who  is  active 
and  has  good  eyesight. 

TIRE  BUILDER,  SQUARE-WOVEN  TIRE  TUDOR 

Description:  The  tire  builder  of  a  square-woven  tire  places  the  metal  core  on 
the  machine  and  builds  up  the  tire  from  rolls  of  rubberized  fabric. 

Qualifications:  He  must  be  able  to  use  the  gauge  to  determine  whether  or  not 
the  fabric  is  on  the  core  straight;  must  be  skillful  in  the  use  of  the  knife  in 
trimming  off  the  overflow.  The  work  requires  a  strong  worker  who  is  active 
and  has  good  eyesight. 


52  RUBBER  GOODS 

TIRE  FINISHER  TTJTT 

Description :  The  tire  finislier  puts  the  final  strips  ot  rubber  and  tread  on  the 

carcass. 
Qualifications:  He  must  be  a  rapid  worker  and  be  able  to  put  the  rubber  on 

the  carcass  evenly  and  straight.     Both  men  and  women  are  employed  in 

finishing  clincher  tires,  as  the  work  is  lighter  than  that  of  the  finisher  on  other 

kinds  of  tires. 

TIRE  STRIPPER.     (See  Stripper,  tire.) 

TUBE  DUMPER  TUNE 

Description:  The  tube  dumper  operates  the  compressed-air  machine  for  removing 
the  inner  tubes  from  the  poles  after  they  have  been  unwrapped. 

Qualifications :  He  must  be  able  to  operate  the  compressed  air  mechanism  used 
in  taking  tubes  off  the  iron  pipes,  placing  the  nozzle  of  the  compressed-air 
machine  into  the  end  of  the  pipe  to  blow  the  tube  off  of  the  pole. 

TUBE-MACHINE  OPERATOR,  BEAD  MAKING  TUNER 

Description :  The  tube  machine  operator  places  pieces  of  rubber  into  the  machine, 

where  they  are  cut  up  and  turned  into  beads. 
Qualifications:  He  must  be  able  to  operate  the  machine  and  know  when  it  is 

not  working  properly. 

TUBE  ROLLER  TUNIC 

Description:  The  tube  roller  takes  sheets  of  rubber  which  have  been  cut  to 
proper  size  and  wraps  them  around  the  iron  pipes  or  poles  for  the  making  of 
inner  tubes. 

Qualifications:  He  must  be  skilled  in  the  use  of  the  gauge  and  be  able  to  put 
sheets  of  rubber  on  the  poles  evenly. 

TUBING-MACHINE  OPERATOR,  HOSE  TURF 

Description:  The  tubing-machine  operator  operates  the  machine  which  makes 

the  tubing  for  rubber  hose. 
Qualifications :  He  must  know  how  to  feed  the  raw  stock  into  the  machine  and 

must  know  how  to  set  the  die  and  keep  the  machine  hot  so  that  the  stock  can 

be  easily  worked. 
Schooling:  Common  school. 

UNWRAPPER,  TUBES  UNDO 

Description :  The  unwrapper  takes  the  poles  as  they  come  from  the  heater,  places 
them  on  the  machine,  and  operates  the  mechanism  which  unwraps  the  cloth 
strips  from  the  poles. 

Qualifications :  He  must  be  able  to  operate  the  machine  and  must  be  strong. 

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UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 


